本帖最后由 移动硬盘 于 2010-2-28 00:05 编辑
【中文标题】繁荣兴旺的中国面临劳工短缺难题
【原文标题】Booming China Finds Workers in Short Supply
【登载媒体】The New York Times 纽约时报6 I4 w/ k, z4 b% C4 T% q- J' X+ a
【来源地址】http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/27/business/global/27yuan.html
【译者】移动硬盘
【翻译方式】人工
【声明】本翻译供Anti-CNN使用，未经AC或译者许可，不得转载。
【原文库链接】http://bbs.m4.cn/thread-226034-1-1.html
【译文】
GUANGZHOU, China — Just a year after laying off millions of factory workers, China is facing an increasingly acute labor shortage. , P- L* F, a7 ~9 H+ _: ~
As American workers struggle with near double-digit unemployment, unskilled factory workers here in China’s industrial heartland are being offered signing bonuses.
中国广州 — 就在数百万工厂工人被裁员一年之后，中国面临着日渐严重的劳工短缺问题。当美国工人仍然挣扎在接近两位数的失业率（的漩涡中时），在这个中国工业中心地带的那些还没有很多技能的工厂工人则可以享受一旦签约就有奖金的福利。
Factory wages have risen as much as 20 percent in recent months.
工厂工资在近几个月内也已攀升了20%之多。
Telemarketersare turning away potential customers because recruiters have fully booked them to cold-call people and offer them jobs.
从事电话营销企业的生意最近也十分火爆，他们都被急切的工厂雇主们包圆儿主动联系工人，忙的无暇顾及新的业务。
Some manufacturers, already weeks behind schedule because they can’t find enough workers, are closing down production lines and considering raising prices. Such increases would most likely drive up the prices American consumers pay for all sorts of Chinese-made goods.
由于找不到工人而且已经落后进度好几个星期，一些制造企业不得不关停一些流水线并考虑提高产品价格。而这样的涨价则很有可能使各种中国制造的商品在美国的零售价水涨船高。
The immediate cause of the shortage is that millions of migrant workers who traveled home for the long lunar New Year earlier this month are not returning here to the coast. Thanks to a half-trillion-dollar government stimulus program, jobs are being created in the interior.
导致劳工短缺最直接的原因是数百万农民工于本月初返乡欢度农历新年，但在节后并未返回工作地继续工作。受益于中国政府五千亿美元的经济刺激计划，他们能在中国内地找到许多工作机会。
But many economists say the recent global downturn also obscured a longer-termtrend: China has drained its once vast reserves of unemployed workersin rural areas and is running out of fresh laborers for its factories.
但是一些经济学家指出最近的全球经济下滑复杂化了一个长期趋势：中国已经耗尽了其曾拥有数量庞大的农村下岗工人，并且新鲜劳动力也所剩无几。
Since China does not release reliable, timely statistics on employment, wages are considered the best barometer of labor shortages. And temp agencies here in Guangzhou raised their rate for factory workers this week to$1.17 an hour, from 95 cents an hour before the new year holiday.
中国目前没有公布确切及时的就业统计数据，从而工资多少则普遍被认为是衡量劳动力短缺最好的晴雨表。在广州的短工中介公司本周也提高了工厂工人的时薪，从春节前的每小时95美分到现在的1.17美元。
The rate was 80 cents an hour two years ago, before the global financial crisis temporarily depressed wages and demand.
两年前还未收到全球经济危机影响的时候，工人工资则是每小时80美分。
The dearth of returning migrants set off a desperate scramble this week to recruitthe workers who did step off long-haul buses and trains returning from the interior.
返乡农民工的匮乏在本周内搅起了人力市场内对工人拼死的争抢。从内地回来的工人一下长途火车和汽车就感受到了这股热浪。
At a government-run employment center in downtown Guangzhou, employers seeking workers outnumbered job-hunters Thursday afternoon.
在广州市中心的一个官方劳动力市场，周四下午的雇主数量比找工作的人还要多。
Outside,Liang Huoqiao, a 22-year-old plastics worker, joined a small group ofmen and women studying a 40-foot-wide list of companies seeking workers.
22岁的塑胶工人梁化乔（音译）和一小群人在劳动力市场外仔细地研究着长达40英尺长（译者按：约12.2米）的用工招聘信息。
“You can walk into any factory and get a job,” he said.
他说：“无论谁，随便走进一家工厂都能找到工作”。
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The official China Daily newspaper said on Thursday that surveys of employers showed that one in 12 migrant workers was not expected toreturn here to Guangdong Province. Cities farther north along China’s coast are also running low on labor; Wenzhou alone posted a shortage ofup to one million workers.
官方的中国日报在本周四报道，一项针对雇主的调查显示每12个农民工就有一个不再返回广东省。在中国北部沿海城市也出现了劳动力不足现象；仅仅温州一个城市就缺少高达100万名劳动力。
Guangdong provincial officials announced on Wednesday that they were considering increasing the minimum wage, which varies by city and ranges from $113to $146 a month.
广东省官员在周三公布说他们正在考虑提高最低工资标准。根据城市的不同，该标准浮动于每月113美元至146美元之间。
Higher wages could ease labor shortages by prompting factories to reduce their work forces.) F" c; f$ [( p9 H+ @! Q
鼓励企业减少用工量，并提高工资待遇能够缓解劳工短缺的压力。
But many factories already pay well above the minimum wage. They are wary of further pay increases because it is not certain they can passthe increased costs on to their customers — in particular, strapped importers in the United States and the European Union.9 b$ y% {, d: L9 G( ]: U8 K8 [$ C
Rising wages suggest the re-emergence of a worker shortage that was becoming evident before the global financial crisis. A government survey three years ago of 2,749 villages in 17 provinces found that in74 percent of them, there was no one left behind who was fit to go workin city factories — the labor pool was dry.
但许多工厂支付给工人的工资已经远超过了最低标准。他们对于是否会继续增加薪酬持谨慎态度，因为不确定能不能将这部分成本转嫁到顾客的头上，尤其是那些已经荷包空空的美国或者欧盟进口商。加薪的举措证明了在全球金融危机前已经越来越明显的劳力短缺问题再次凸显。三年前的一项官方调查显示，在受访的17个省份的2749个农村劳动力输出市场里，74%已经干涸，连多一个能进城务工的富余劳动力都没有了。
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Mass layoffs in late 2008 and early 2009 because of the global financial crisis temporarily masked the developing shortage of industrial workers. But two powerful trends were still working toreduce the supply of young people headed for factories.
由于全球经济危机暂时遮蔽了正在发酵中的中国劳动力短缺问题，所以在2008年末2009年初很多人被迫下岗。
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For one, the Chinese government has rapidly expanded postsecondary education. Universities and other institutions of higher learning enrolled 6.4 million new students last year, compared to 5.7 million in2007 and just 2.2 million in 2000.
举例来说，中国政府正快速地在增加高等教育的规模。大学及其他高校在2009年录取了640万名新生，而在2007年新生数量为570万，在2000年仅为220万。
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At the same time, China’s birth rate has been sliding steadily ever since the introduction of the “one child” policy in 1977.
Labor shortages have returned particularly quickly in recent weeks as these long-term trends have collided with a recovery in overseas demand forChinese goods.
同时，自1977年实行计划生育政策以后，中国的婴儿出生率稳定下降。在最近几个星期内劳动力短缺问题如此突出是因为该走势与重新来自海外的订单相冲突的结果。
Far more jobs are available these days in China’s interior. Government infrastructure projects like rail and highway construction have absorbed millions of workers, particularly after Beijing allocated nearly $600 billion to economic stimulus spending in 2009 and 2010. Consumer spending is also rising briskly; auto sales more than doubled last month from a year before, and this has created many jobs in retailing, restaurants, hotels and other inland businesses.
今天的中国内地拥有大量的工作机会。例如铁路和高速公路等政府基建工程吸引了数以百万计的工人，特别是在中央政府在2009年至2010年度下拨了近6000亿美元的专项经济刺激计划。消费者市场也红火如荼，例如上个月汽车销售量就比去年同期增长了一倍；这也同时带动了在零售业，餐饮业，住宿领域和其他内地企业的就业机会。
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Even before the holiday, companies were struggling to find the employees needed to keep assembly lines running.
在春节以前，很多公司就已经举步维艰，希望找到足够的工人来维持生产线的运作。
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At many factories, white-collar managers and engineers were forced tospend time on assembly lines to meet deadlines before the lunar New Year, because laborers were in such short supply. The managers often struggled with the tedious but intricate tasks required to make everything from toys to DVD players
由于企业劳动力严重不足，很多白领职业的经理和工程师也不得不挽袖卷裤进入车间，以期在农历新年以前交货。这些经理们经常处于沉闷乏味但却高度复杂的两难境地 — 制造从玩具到DVD播放机等各种各样的商品。
“People working in the office, like me, have been asked to help on the factoryfloor,” said Sky Niu, the sales manager at the Hengjia Electronics Company in Dongguan. “Of course, we can only help on the simpler tasks, such as packing.”
东莞恒嘉电子有限公司的销售经理牛来雨说：“和我一样在办公室里工作的员工也必须进车间帮忙。当然，我们只能做一些简单的活儿，比如打包之类的”。
The labor shortageis not benefiting workers just through higher wages. Personnel managers here say they are also abandoning the informal tradition of not hiring anyone over 35 — they say they are now hiring workers up to 40 years old, and sometimes older, despite concerns about whether they can keep up week after week with the rapid pace of Chinese assembly lines.
劳动力短缺带来的高工资并未真正让工人受益。当地的人力资源经理说他们放弃了不招聘35岁以上工人的惯常做法 — 现在只要40岁以下就可以，有时候会更加宽松，而不管他们是不是能跟得上周复一周流水线工作的高节奏。
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It remains to be seen if Chinese factories will learn from their hiring difficulties now and be less quick to lay off workers during the next global downturn.
从目前遇到的招工困难里，中国的工厂是否能吃一堑长一智还需时日检验。也许在下次全球经济下滑的时候，他们应当慢点儿让工人卷铺盖卷儿回家。
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The current system “is not stable, it’s not healthy,” said HanDongfang, the director of the China Labor Bulletin, a Hong Kong-based group that advocates collective bargaining.
位于香港的中国劳工通讯组织负责人韩东方说，目前用工制度“不稳定，也不健康”。该组织主张劳资双方就工资和工作条件进行集体谈判。
（译者注：韩东方，于1993年驱逐出境。）
Though the wage boost increases the prospect of inflation, it may have another more salutary aspect. The Obama administration has been pushing Chinato let the renminbi rise against the dollar, which would erode some of China’s formidable advantage in export markets. Rising wages in China have the same effect — while also giving Chinese families more spending power.
尽管增加工资会刺激（中国的）通货膨胀，但（对美国）它则是有益的。奥巴马政府一直施压于中国，希望能让人民币继续升值；此举会消蚀掉一些中国目前在全球出口市场内难以对付的优势。工资的增加异曲同工，同时也让中国家庭得到更多的购买力。
Letting wages rise benefits workers, said Jing Ulrich, the chairwoman of China equities and commodities at J. P. Morgan. Letting the currency rise benefits currency speculators, she said.
摩根大通公司中国证券及大宗商品主席李晶女士（Jing Ulrich）指出，工资的增加工人当然受益，而货币的升值则让投机商人从中获利。 3 W2 ?# [1 r5 w0 S" \9 Q3 P( 指出H
Mr. Liang, the 22-year-old plastics worker, said that he expected hispay to double in the next five years and added that he already had sethis priorities.
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22岁的塑胶工人小梁希望在未来5年内他的收入能翻一番，并且也有了奋斗的目标。
“For sure, I want to buy a car,” he said. “Car first, then maybe marriage later.”
“我肯定想买辆车”，他说，“车第一，然后大概会结婚吧”。 |
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发表于 2010-2-27 23:51
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