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2008.4.3----经济学家杂志
http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10961867
原文如下:
Chinese nationalism
Land of the Yellow Emperor
The dangers of confusing patriotism with ethnic pride
MAO ZEDONG sent troops to “liberate” unenthusiastic Tibetans, but he also admitted that his country had a problem with “chauvinism” in its handling of ethnic minorities. As China tries yet again to quell an unruly Tibet, it still does.
More than two weeks after an eruption of rioting directed at ethnic Chinese in the Tibetan capital, Lhasa, China has yet to show much interest in what made Tibetans so angry. In an effort to display a little openness, it has allowed a small group of foreign journalists and an even smaller one of diplomats to pay brief visits to the city. To the alarm of officials, some Tibetan monks complained to the journalists about their lack of religious freedom. When the diplomats were later taken to the same temple the authorities made sure that only a tame monk was on hand to talk.
The state media's focus on the alleged pro-Tibetan bias of the Western press in covering the violence in Lhasa has triggered an outpouring of anti-Western sentiment on the internet. Jane Macartney, the China correspondent of the Times of London, has received death threats from callers to her Beijing office because of a commentary in her newspaper comparing the Beijing Olympics in August to the Nazi-organised Olympics in Berlin in 1936.
Fearing protests by Tibetans and others, officials imposed tight security on March 31st around an Olympic torch-lighting ceremony in Tiananmen Square. At the event President Hu Jintao lit a cauldron on which were carved 56 “lucky clouds”. The official news agency, Xinhua, said these symbolised good wishes from China's 56 officially recognised ethnic groups.
But the next day a police spokesman, Wu Heping, said that Tibetan separatists were preparing to send out “dare-to-die” squads to stage violent attacks (he offered no details). Mr Wu said police had recently seized 178 guns, some 13,000 bullets, more than 3.5 tonnes of explosives, more than 19,000 detonators and two hand-grenades from Tibetan monasteries. He also said they had arrested a man suspected of acting as an agent for the “Dalai Lama clique” to incite the Lhasa unrest. The Dalai Lama denies any involvement.
China has produced little convincing evidence of any terrorist campaign within its borders. Diplomats say China tends to exaggerate such threats as an excuse to crack down on separatist movements. Its crude methods of doing so often heighten ethnic tensions. After the rioting an armoured personnel carrier with helmeted troops on top cruised through Lhasa, displaying a red banner that read “religious activities must keep to the law”.
Official insensitivity to ethnic minorities is evident in attempts in recent years to foster a cult of the Yellow Emperor, a mythical ancestor of the Han race, who supposedly lived 5,000 years ago. Senior leaders have taken part in ceremonies paying homage to him. Last October officials arranged for groups of ethnic minorities, including Tibetans, to join one such rite at a shrine in Shaanxi province where the Yellow Emperor is said to be buried. After passing through Tibet, where officials fear it could spark more protests, the Olympic torch will be carried to the shrine in July.
Yellow Emperor-worship will enjoy a boost from the introduction this week of a new public holiday known as Qingming, Tomb Sweeping Day. This is a festival at which Chinese traditionally pay their respects to ancestors. Governments in Shaanxi and in Henan province, which claims to be the emperor's birthplace, are competing (and reportedly spending millions of dollars) to make their respective Yellow Emperor shrines pre-eminent. Officials in Henan say they are expecting 20,000 emperor-worshippers this month.
That ethnic minorities have no interest in the Yellow Emperor is occasionally noted by Chinese commentators. But many Chinese officials see the cult as a useful way of promoting patriotism. Just before the Lhasa riots four advisers to China's parliament proposed that presiding over Yellow Emperor ceremonies should become an annual duty for state leaders. This, they said, would help “unite and consolidate forces from all sides”. Tibetans would differ.
翻译全文如下：
中国民族主义
黄帝的土地
带着民族自豪感的令人疑惑的爱国主义的危险
毛泽东派军队去“解放”并不热心于此的西藏人，而他也承认他的国家在处理少数族裔的时候存在沙文主义的问题。如今，当中国又一次试图镇压难以控制的西藏的时候，沙文主义的问题仍然存在。
在西藏省府拉萨爆发针对少数民族的骚乱多大两个星期后，中国一直表现出对导致西藏人如此愤怒的原因的兴趣。在一个展示小小开放性的努力中，中国允许一个小规模外国记者队伍和更小规模的外交官队伍对拉萨作了简短的访问。针对政府的警告，一些西藏喇嘛对记者抱怨他们缺乏宗教自由。当外交官们随后被送到同样的寺庙时，官方已经确保只有一个温顺的喇嘛在旁边可以与之交谈。
官方媒体把注意力集中在对西方媒体在报道拉萨骚乱时对支持西藏偏见的指控上，由此引发了在互连网上反西方言论的狂潮。Jane Macartney，伦敦泰吾士报驻中国记者，因为一则他报纸上把北京奥运会比做1936柏林奥运会的评论已经收到打到他北京办公室的死亡威胁电话。
担忧遭到西藏人和其他人士的抗议，官方加强了3.31号左右在天安门的奥运火炬点火仪式的安全。在仪式中，胡主席点燃了雕刻着56朵祥云的火坛，官方新闻机构新华社说，这象征着中国官方认定的56个民族的良好祝愿。
但，接下来的一天，警方发言人吴和平说，西藏分离主义分子已经准备派出敢死队策动暴力袭击（但他没有提供详细信息）。他说警察已经在一些寺庙里缴获了178支枪，约13000发子弹，多达3.5吨炸药，以及19000多个雷管和两个手榴弹。他同时说警方已经逮捕了一名DL集团派在拉萨策动暴乱的男性嫌疑人。DL否认了他有与之任何关联。
中国已经公布了少量在恐怖活动定义内的确凿证据，外交人士说中国试图夸大这样一种威胁作为打击分离主义运动的借口。这样一种粗陋的做法通常加剧了民族之间的紧张形势。在骚乱发生后，一辆载有戴着头盔的士兵的装甲车在拉萨巡视，车身上挂着“必须依法从事宗教活动”的红色条幅。
官方对少数民族的冷漠在近些年在试图鼓励形成对黄帝的崇拜中成为证据。黄帝，作为一个汉族虚构的神话中的祖先，被认为生活在5000年前。高级领导人在若干次庆典仪式中表达了对他的崇敬之情。去年十月，官方安排了包括西藏人在内的少数民族团体在陕西省据说是黄帝陵寝的圣地参加了非常隆重的仪式。现在在西藏，官方害怕引起更多反抗，奥运火炬将在7月带到这个神圣的地方。
对黄帝的崇拜将由于这个星期新公共假日--清明节到来得到加强。这个节日中，中国人按照传统向先人表示尊敬。陕西省政府和宣布是黄帝出生地的河南省比赛着（据报道花费数百万美圆）将他们各自的黄帝陵寝造的出类拔萃。河南省官员说他们期望这个月有20000个黄帝祭拜者。
少数民族对黄帝没有兴趣偶尔会被中国评论员指出。但许多中国官员把对黄帝的崇拜看作是促进爱国主义的有效方法。在拉萨骚乱不久前，四个**提出主持黄帝祭祀大典应该成为国家领导人的年度职责。关于这个，他们说，将有助与团结和巩固各方面的力量。西藏人将不会同意。
[ 本帖最后由 OrpheusXi 于 2008-4-18 08:35 编辑 ] |
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发表于 2008-4-18 02:42
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