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【中文标题】海蒂灾难：来自自然的和不全来自自然的因素（天灾人祸）
【原文标题】CATASTROPHE IN HAITI: The Natural and Not-So-Natural Factors
【登载媒体】Global Geopolitics and Political Economy 环球地缘政治和政治经济
【来源地址】http://globalgeopolitics.net/wordpress/2010/01/18/catastrophe-in-haiti-the-natural-and-not-so-natural-factors/
【翻译人员】Zhongdong_Wang
【翻译方式】天然智能生物人类手工翻译
【网站声明】本翻译供Anti-CNN使用，未经AC或译者许可，不得转载。
【库文链接】http://bbs.m4.cn/thread-221656-1-1.html
【译文内容】
CATASTROPHE IN HAITI: The Natural and Not-So-Natural Factors
海蒂灾难：那些来自自然和不全来自自然的因素
BY ASHLEY SMITH
撰稿：阿什利史密斯
BURLINGTON, USA (IDN) – A devastating earthquake, the worst in 200 years, struck Port-au-Prince on January 12, laying waste to the city and killing untold numbers of people. The quake measured 7.0 on the Richter scale, and detonated more than 30 aftershocks, all more than 4.5 in magnitude, through the night and into the next morning.
伯灵顿（综合数字网）——1月12日，200年中最具毁灭性的一场大地震袭击了太子港，使这座城市成为废墟，夺走了不计其数的生命。这场里氏7.0级地震引发了30多起余震，所有余震都在4.5级以上强度，通宵达旦。
The earthquake toppled poorly constructed houses, hotels, hospitals and even the capital city’s main political buildings, including the presidential palace. The collapse of so many structures sent a giant cloud into the sky, which hovered over the city, raining dust down onto the wasteland below.
这场地震摧毁了那些结构糟糕的房屋、旅店、医院，甚至这座首都城市包括总统府在内的主要建筑物。如此众多建筑物的坍塌使巨大的乌云笼罩天空盘旋在城市上方，尘埃降落在下方的废墟上。
According to some estimates, more than 100,000 people may have died, in a metropolis of 2 million people. Those that survived are living in the streets, afraid to return inside any building that remains standing.
根据一些统计数字显示，在这样一座200万人口的大都市中有多达10万人死亡。幸存的人们不敢进入任何一座尚未倒塌的建筑物，只能露宿街头。
Around the world, Haitians struggled to contact their family and friends in the devastated country. But most could not reach their loved ones since phone lines were down throughout the country.
世界各地的海蒂人拼命联系自己在遭受灾难袭击的海蒂的亲友。但是由于海蒂全国电话线路瘫痪，多数人根本不能得到他们心爱的人的任何消息。
One person who did reach relatives, Garry Pierre-Pierre, editor and publisher of the Brooklyn-based Haitian Times, stated, "People are in shock. They’re afraid to go out in the streets for obvious reasons, and most of them can’t get inside their homes. A lot of people are sitting or sleeping in front of the rubble that used to be their homes."
驻地布鲁克林的“海蒂人时报”的一位编辑兼发行人加里皮埃尔皮埃尔联系到了自己的亲属，说“人们处在惊恐之中。因为显而易见的理由他们害怕外出上街，而且他们中很多人无法呆在自己家里。大批的人只能坐在曾今是自己家园的破砖烂瓦堆前，或者在那里睡觉。”
President René Préval issued an emergency appeal for humanitarian aid. He described the scene in Port-au-Prince as "unimaginable. Parliament has collapsed. The tax office has collapsed. Schools have collapsed. Hospitals have collapsed. There are a lot of schools that have a lot of dead people in them. All the hospitals are packed with people. It’s a catastrophe."
总统热内普雷瓦尔发出了人道主义援助请求。他形容太子港的景象说“无法想象。议会倒塌了。税务机关倒塌了。学校倒塌了。医院倒塌了。大量的医院堆放着大量的死亡人员。所有的医院都挤满了人。这是一场灾难。”
The weak Préval government was unable to respond to the crisis, and the United Nations –which occupies Haiti with close to 9,000 troops — was completely unprepared to manage the situation. Many UN leaders and troops died in buildings that collapsed, including their own headquarters.
这个软弱的热内政府没有能力应对这场危机，而有着将近9000人占领海蒂部队的联合国根本是毫无准备来处理这种局面。许多联合国领导人和部队人员自己都死于倒塌的楼房之中，其中就包括他们自己的总部。
International Red Cross spokesman Paul Conneally said that 3 million out of Haiti’s 9 million people would need international emergency aid in the coming weeks just to survive. The UN, U.S., European Union, Canada and countless non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have promised humanitarian aid.
国际红十字会发言人保尔康奈利说，紧接着的一星期里，900万海蒂人中单需要国际紧急援助的就有300万人。联合国、美国、欧盟、加拿大和不计其数的非政府组织（NGO）已经承诺了提供人道主义援助。
GOVERNMENT INCAPACITY AND MORE
不仅**
While most people reacted to the crisis by trying to find a way to help or donate money, Christian Right fanatic Pat Robertson stooped to new depths of racism. He explained that Haitians were cursed because they made a pact with the devil to liberate themselves from their French slave masters in the Haitian revolution two centuries ago.
在大多数人对此危机作出反应试图寻找途径提供帮助或者捐款的同时，“基督教右翼”狂热份子帕特罗伯森却甘愿屈尊于种族主义的新论调。他解释说这是因为海蒂人受到了诅咒，因为他们和魔鬼订立了契约在两百年前的海蒂革命中将自己从法国奴隶主中解放了出来。
The corporate media at least reported that shifting tectonic plates along a fault line underneath Port-au-Prince caused the earthquake — and that Haiti’s poverty and the incapacity of the Préval government made the disaster so much worse. But they didn’t delve below the surface.
正规媒体至少已经报道了沿太子港地下岩断层线移动的地壳板块导致了这场地震，而海蒂的贫穷和普雷瓦尔政府的无能则使得这次灾害变得如此巨大。然而，他们（译注：指媒体）都没有切中要害（他们都没有探究到表象以下的本质）。
"The media coverage of the earthquake is marked by an almost complete divorce of the disaster from the social and political history of Haiti," Canadian Haiti solidarity activist Yves Engler said in an interview. "They repeatedly state that the government was completely unprepared to deal with the crisis. This is true. But they left out why."
“对这次地震的媒体报道是以几乎完全将灾害和海蒂社会及政治历史相分离的方式做出的，”加拿大的海蒂团结一致积极分子伊芙恩格勒在一次采访中说。“他们反复表示（海蒂）政府根本没有准备好处理这场危机。这是事实。但是他们却忽略了造成这种状况的原因。”
Why were 60 percent of the buildings in Port-au-Prince shoddily constructed and unsafe in normal circumstances, according to the city’s mayor? Why are there no building regulations in a city that sits on a fault line? Why has Port-au-Prince swelled from a small town of 50,000 in the 1950s to a population of 2 million desperately poor people today? Why was the state completely overwhelmed by the disaster?
为什么太子港的60%建筑物搭建得粗制滥造，而且即使在正常环境下也是不安全的，按照该市的市长是怎么说的？为什么一座位于断层线上的城市竟然没有建筑规范？为什么太子港会从一个1950年代5万人的小镇竟然膨胀成了现在拥有200万极度贫困人群的人口的？为什么这个国家会在灾害面前完全不知所措？
To understand these facts, we have to look at a second fault line — U.S. imperial policy toward Haiti. The U.S. government, the UN, and other powers have aided the Haitian elite in subjecting the country to neoliberal economic plans that have impoverished the masses, deforested the land, wrecked the infrastructure and incapacitated the government.
要明白这些现实问题，我们不得不来看一看另一个断层线——美国对海蒂采取的帝国政策。美国、联合国和其他帝国主义列强辅助了海蒂精英使这个国家屈从于导致（海蒂）人民群众处于贫困之中、导致（海蒂）土地森林减少、导致（海蒂）基础建设千疮百孔和导致（海蒂）政府软弱无能的新自由经济计划。
The fault line of U.S. imperialism interacted with the geological one to turn the natural disaster into a social catastrophe.
美帝国主义这个断层线交织着地质因素，使得这次自然灾害成为了社会灾难。
During the Cold War, the U.S. supported the dictatorships of Papa Doc Duvalier and then Baby Doc Duvalier — which ruled the country from 1957 to 1986 — as an anti-communist counterweight to Castro’s Cuba nearby.
冷战期间，美国支持帕帕多克杜瓦利埃的独裁政治然后是芭比多克杜瓦利埃，这个政体在1957年到1986年之间统治着这个国家，美国用其作为对抗（海蒂的）共产主义邻国——卡斯特罗领导的古巴。
Under guidance from Washington, Baby Doc Duvalier opened the Haitian economy up to U.S. capital in the 1970s and 1980s. Floods of U.S. agricultural imports destroyed peasant agriculture. As a result, hundred of thousands of people flocked to the teeming slums of Port-au-Prince to labor for pitifully low wages in sweatshops located in U.S. export processing zones.
在华盛顿的指导下，1970年代和1980年代，芭比多克帕帕多瓦对美国资本开放海蒂经济。潮水般的美国农业进口摧毁了（海蒂）农民的农业。结果，成千上万的人涌入到处是贫民窟的太子港，为少得可怜的薪金替（太子港那里的）美国出口加工区压榨劳动力的工厂工作。
In the 1980s, masses of Haitians rose up to drive the Duvaliers from power–later, they elected reformer Jean-Bertrand Aristide to be president on a platform of land reform, aid to peasants, reforestation, investment in infrastructure for the people, and increased wages and union rights for sweatshop workers.
1980年代，大批海蒂人起义把杜瓦利埃赶下了政权，之后他们选举了改革者金波特兰阿里斯蒂德为总统，以土地改革、辅助农民、植树造林、为人民投资基础建设为平台，增加了薪金和（压榨）劳动力工厂中工会权力。
NO LOVE LOST FOR ARISTIDE
对阿里斯蒂德心怀恶念
The U.S. in turn backed a coup that drove Aristide from power in 1991. Eventually, the elected president was restored to power in 1994 when Bill Clinton sent U.S. troops to the island — but on the condition that he implement the U.S. neoliberal plan — which Haitians called the "plan of death".
美国反而在1991年支持了一次推翻阿里斯蒂德政权的政变。最后，这位民选的总统于1994年在比尔克林顿派遣美国部队到这个海岛国家后被允许恢复政权，但是作为交换条件他要实施被海蒂人称为“死亡计划”的美国新自由（经济）计划。
（译注：the elected president was restored to power，这句话使用的是被动语态，没有出现能表示允许阿里斯蒂德恢复政权的人或者集团是谁的逻辑主语，而后文使用的when引导的是时间状语从句，所以我不能冒昧地确定是当初推翻他的反对派政变人士还是背后支持和参与策划政变的美国政府，所以仅做这样翻译处理，这里说明一下。）
Aristide resisted parts of the U.S. programme for Haiti, but implemented other provisions, undermining his hoped-for reforms. Eventually, though, the U.S. grew impatient with Aristide’s failure to obey completely, especially when he demanded $21 billion in reparations during his final year in office. The U.S. imposed an economic embargo that strangled the country, driving peasants and workers even deeper into poverty.
阿里斯蒂德拒绝了美国为海蒂制定的计划的部分内容，但是实施了其他的条款，这从根本上动摇了他所希望的改革的根基。尽管这样，美国最后还是越来越对阿里斯蒂德不能完全遵照美国的计划行事感到不耐烦了，尤其是在最后一年执政中阿里斯蒂德要求210亿美元赔款时美国更是不能容忍。于是，美国强制实行了扼杀这个国家的贸易禁运，使农民们和工人们处于更加深重的贫困之中。
In 2004, Washington collaborated with Haiti’s ruling elite to back death squads that toppled the government, kidnapped and deported Aristide. The United Nations sent troops to occupy the country, and the puppet government of Gérard Latortue was installed to continue Washington’s neoliberal plans.
2004年，华盛顿伙同海蒂的统治阶层精英支持暗杀小组颠覆了（阿里斯蒂德）政府，绑架并将阿里斯蒂德驱逐出境。联合国派遣了部队占领这个国家，而热拉尔拉多杜艾傀儡政府被安置上来继续执行华盛顿的新自由（经济）计划。
（译注：按有关人士说法collaborate不具有贬义，在该人士大量阅读过的东西中没有看到过collaborate具有“勾结、通敌”之类的贬义用法，所以我才采用了自己的“伙同”这个用词，算是折中把，尽管“伙同”这个词在中文中还带有些贬义，按照中国人的某种习惯得给人一个面子。不管怎么说，要叫我在这里把这个词用中文解释成“合作”反而有些别扭了，倒变成插手别人内政、支持搞暗杀、绑架、政变是义正词严光明正大，值得宣扬，所以需要大力合作的了。也许，我的英语和中文的确很差劲。不过没办法，我只能为大家尽这么一点力了。或许有些人有点体会出来了，我的性格就是属于宁折不弯的那种。）
Latortue’s brief regime was utterly corrupt — he and his cronies pocketed large portions of the $4 billion poured into the country by the U.S. and other powers when they ended their embargo. The regime dismantled the mild reforms Aristide had managed to implement. Thus, the pattern of impoverishment and degradation of the country’s infrastructure accelerated.
拉多杜艾的短命政权极其腐败，他和他的死党们把美国和其他帝国主义列强在结束禁运后投入海蒂的40亿美元资金拿进了自己的口袋。（拉多杜艾）这个政权取消了阿里斯蒂德努力想要实施的温和改革政策。这样一来，海蒂的贫困化和基础建设退化的情形益发不可收拾。
In 2006 elections, the Haitian masses voted in long-time Aristide ally René Préval as president. But Préval has been a weak figure who collaborated with U.S. plans for the country and failed to address the growing social crisis.
2006年大选，海蒂民众选举出阿里斯蒂德联盟的长期盟友热内普雷瓦尔为总统。但是普雷瓦尔却是一个孱弱的人物，他协同实施了美国为海蒂制定的（新自由经济）计划，却没有能够处理日益增长的社会危机。
In fact, the U.S., UN and other imperial powers effectively bypassed the Préval government and instead poured money into NGOs. "Haiti now has the highest per capita presence of NGOs in the world," says Yves Engler. The Préval government has become a political fig leaf, behind which the real decisions are made by the imperial powers, and implemented through their chosen international NGOs.
事实上，美国、联合国和其他帝国主义列强有效地绕过了普雷瓦尔政府而把资金投入了非政府机构。“按人口计算海蒂现在有世界上数量最多的非政府机构，”伊芙恩格勒说。普雷瓦尔政府已经成为了政治遮羞布，在这个政府后面真正的决策者是帝国主义列强，决定都是通过他们挑选的国际非政府组织实施的。
'U.S.-BACKED UN OCCUPATION'
‘美国所支持的联合国军事占领’
The real state power isn’t the Préval government, but the U.S.-backed United Nations occupation. Under Brazilian leadership, UN forces have protected the rich and collaborated with — or turned a blind eye to — right-wing death squads who terrorize supporters of Aristide and his Lavalas Party.
真正的国家政权力量并不是普雷瓦尔政府，而是美国所支持的联合国占领军。在巴西的领导下，联合国军队保护了富有人群，并且勾结或者熟视无睹地纵容右翼暗杀组织恐吓阿里斯蒂德及其政党的支持者。
（译注：这里的collaborate我还是觉得用中文解释成“勾结”比解释成“合作”贴切许多，只能向觉得这样解释是错误的人们先道下欠了。这个词可能后面还会出现，我就先在这里打预防针了，以后不再做道歉解释了。）
The occupiers have done nothing to address the poverty, wrecked infrastructure and massive deforestation that have exACerbated the effects of a series of natural disasters–severe hurricanes in 2004 and 2008, and now the Port-au-Prince earthquake.
这些占领者没有做什么事来解决贫困问题、千疮百孔的基础建设问题和大面积的森林砍伐问题，这些问题都已经严重恶化了一系列自然灾害产生的影响——2004年和2008年的七次飓风，以及这次的太子港地震。
Instead, they merely police a social catastrophe, and in so doing, have committed the normal crimes characteristic of all police forces. As Dan Beeton wrote in NACLA Report on the Americas, "The UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), which began its mission in June 2004, has been marred by scandals of killings, rape and other violence by its troops almost since it began."
然而，他们只是治理社会灾难，并且以此方式来承认治安机构的不良行为是常规犯罪性质。正如丹比顿在“拉丁美洲北美代表大会”报告中写的那样，“‘联合国海蒂稳定化任务组’，2004年6月开始执行任务，已经被杀戮丑闻、强奸和它的部队几乎一开始执行任务就在进行的其他暴力行为毁坏了形象。”
First the Bush administration and now the Obama administration have used the coup and social and natural crises to expand the U.S.’s neoliberal economic plans.
首先是布什政府，然后现在是奥巴马政府，都利用政变、社会和自然危机来扩张美国的新自由经济计划。
Under Obama, the U.S. has granted Haiti $1.2 billion in debt relief, but it hasn’t canceled all of Haiti’s debt — the country still pays huge sums to the Inter-American Development Bank. The debt relief is classic window-dressing for Obama’s real Haiti policy, which is the same old Haiti policy.
奥巴马治下，美国已经答应免除海蒂12亿美元债务，，但是并没有取消海蒂的所有债务。海蒂仍然要支付巨大金额给泛美开发银行。这种债务免除只是奥巴马实际海蒂政策的典型的橱窗装饰而已，他的海蒂政策就是那个旧的海蒂政策。
TOURIST TRAP
旅游陷阱
In close collaboration with the new UN Special Envoy to Haiti, former President Bill Clinton, Obama has pushed for an economic programme familiar to much of the rest of the Caribbean — tourism, textile sweatshops and weakening of state control of the economy through privatization and deregulation.
通过与新任联合国海蒂特使的前任总统比尔克林顿紧密勾结，奥巴马推动了一项与“加勒比项目”中剩余部分很多地方相似的经济计划——游览、剥削劳动力的纺织工厂和通过私有化及解除管制削弱国家对经济的控制。
In particular, Clinton has orchestrated a plan for turning the north of Haiti into a tourist playground, as far away as possible from the teeming slums of Port-au-Prince. Clinton lured Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines into investing $55 million to build a pier along the coastline of Labadee, which it has leased until 2050.
特别值得一提的是，克林顿精心策划了一项把尽可能远离满是贫民窟的太子港的海蒂北方变成观光游乐场的计划。克林顿诱使皇家加勒比海游轮公司投资5500万美元，沿该公司租用到2050年的拉巴迪海岸线建造码头。
From there, Haiti’s tourist industry hopes to lead expeditions to the mountaintop fortress Citadelle and the Palace of Sans Souci, both built by Henri Christophe, one of the leaders of Haiti’s slave revolution.
从（拉巴迪海岸）那里，海蒂旅游业指望将猎奇游程延伸到山顶“城堡”要塞和“无忧”宫殿，这两处都是海蒂奴隶革命领导人之一的亨利克里斯多夫建造。
According to the Miami Herald: The $40 million plan involved transforming the now quaint town of Milot, home to the Citadelle and Palace of Sans Souci ruin, into a vibrant tourist village, with arts and crafts markets, restaurants and stoned streets. Guests would be ferried past a congested Cap-Haïtien to a bay, then transported by bus past peasant plantations. Once in Milot, they would either hike or horseback to the Citadelle…named a world heritage site in 1982…
根据迈阿密先驱报说：这项4000万美元的计划，涉及到将“城堡”和“无忧”宫殿废墟所在地的现在景色离奇的米罗镇，改造成一个充满活力的拥有工艺美术品市场、饭店和石板街道的旅游村庄的工作。游客们可以摆渡经过熙熙攘攘的“海蒂角”来到一个海湾，然后搭乘途径农家种植园的公交车。一进入米罗镇，他们既可以步行又可以骑马去1982年被命名为世界遗址的“城堡”。
Eco-tourism, archaeological exploration and voyeuristic visits to Vodou rituals are all being touted by Haiti’s struggling boutique tourism industry, as Royal Caribbean plans to bring the world largest cruise ship here, sparking the need for excursions.
生态旅游、考古猎奇和窥探伏都教仪式的参观都正在被海蒂拼命挣扎中的精品店旅游业招集而来，因为“皇家加勒比项目”计划把世界最大游轮开到这里来，激发旅游需求。
So while Pat Robertson denounces Haiti’s great slave revolution as a pact with the devil, Clinton is helping to reduce it to a tourist trap.
所以，当帕特罗伯森谴责海蒂伟大的奴隶革命为和魔鬼的契约时，克林顿则帮助将这种谴责弱化成了一个旅游陷阱。
At the same time, Clinton’s plans for Haiti include an expansion of the sweatshop industry to take advantage of cheap labor available from the urban masses. The U.S. granted duty-free treatment for Haitian apparel exports to make it easy for sweatshops to return to Haiti.
与此同时，克林顿给海蒂制定的计划还包括劳动力工厂的扩张，以充分利用可以从城市大量人群中得到的廉价劳动力。美国给予海蒂的服装出口免税待遇使得压榨劳动力的工厂很容易重新出现在海蒂。
Clinton celebrated the possibilities of sweatshop development during a whirlwind tour of a textile plant owned and operated by the infamous Cintas Corp. He announced that George Soros had offered $50 million for a new industrial park of sweatshops that could create 25,000 jobs in the garment industry. Clinton explained at a press conference that Haiti’s government could create "more jobs by lowering the cost of doing business, including the cost of rent."
克林顿在一次短暂巡访臭名昭著的信达思公司所开办和拥有的一家纺织厂时赞扬了劳动力压榨工厂的发展潜力。他宣布乔治索罗斯已经提供了5000万美元用作建立一个新的可以在服装业创造25000个工作岗位的劳动力压榨工厂的工业园区。克林顿在新闻发布会上解释说海蒂政府可以“通过降低经营成本，包括租赁成本，来创造更多的工作岗位。”
As TransAfrica founder Randall Robinson told Democracy Now! "That isn’t the kind of investment that Haiti needs. It needs capital investment. It needs investment so that it can be self-sufficient. It needs investment so that it can feed itself."
TransAfrca创始人兰德尔罗宾孙告诉“现在就要民主！”说“那不是海蒂所需要的那种投资。海蒂需要资本投资。海蒂需要投资以使它能够自给自足。海蒂需要投资以使它能够养活自己。”
One of the reasons why Clinton could be so unabashed in celebrating sweatshops is that the U.S.-backed coup repressed any and all resistance. It got rid of Aristide and his troublesome habit of raising the minimum wage. It banished him from the country, terrorized his remaining allies and barred his political party, Fanmi Lavalas, the most popular in the country, from running for office. The coup regime also attacked union organizers within the sweatshops themselves.
克林顿之所以能够如此无耻地赞许劳动力剥削工厂的原因之一正是美国支持的政变镇压了所有一切的反抗。政变甩掉了阿里斯蒂德和阿里斯蒂德那提高最低工资的讨厌习惯。政变把阿里斯蒂德放逐出海蒂，恐吓阿里斯蒂德的残余联盟，并禁止他的政党“Fanmi Lavalas”，这个在海蒂最受支持的党派，竞选政府职位。政变政权也亲自在劳力压榨厂里攻击工会组织者们。
As a result, Clinton could state to business leaders: "Your political risk in Haiti is lower than it has ever been in my lifetime."
结果就是，克林顿能够向商业领导人们声明：“你们在海蒂的政治风险在我有生之年比以往任何时候都小。”
Thus, as previous U.S. presidencies have done before, the Obama administration has worked to aid Haiti’s elite, sponsor international corporations taking advantage of cheap labor, weaken the ability of the Haitian state to regulate the society, and repress any political resistance to that agenda.
就这样，像前任美国总统以前在任期内所做的那样，奥巴马政府已经着手于扶助海蒂精英，赞助国际公司对廉价劳动力的利用，弱化海蒂管理社会的国家职能，镇压任何反对那种政策的阻碍力量。
These policies led directly to the incapacitated Haitian state, dilapidated infrastructure, poorly constructed buildings and desperate poverty that combined with the hurricanes and now the earthquake to turn natural disasters into social catastrophes.
这些政策直接导致了功能瘫痪的海蒂国家、荒废的基础建设、粗制滥造的楼房建筑以及和极度的贫困参合在一起的飓风还有现在的地震，使得自然灾害演变成了社会大灾难。
With these funds and political space, Haitians would be finally able to begin shaping their own political and economic future — the dream of the great slave revolution 200 years ago. (IDN-InDepthNews/17.01.2010)
如果有这些资金和政治空间，海蒂人终将有能力塑造他们自己政治、经济的未来——200年前伟大奴隶革命为之奋斗的这个梦想。（综合数字网-深度分析新闻/2010年1月17日） |
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狗仔卡
发表于 2010-3-23 17:03
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楼主
发表于 2010-3-24 01:07