本帖最后由 千年明月 于 2010-6-23 20:27 编辑
【中文标题】中国的离婚率上升
【原文标题】Divorce rate rises in China
【登载媒体】CNN
【原文作者】Jaime FlorCruz
【原文链接】http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/06/18/china.divorces/index.html?iref=allsearch
【译者】满仓
【翻译方式】人工
【声明】本翻译供Anti-CNN使用，未经AC或译者许可，不得转载。
【译文】
这是2006年的一张照片。中国上海的一家离婚俱乐部，提供咨询、社交活动和离婚聚会的服务。
电视演员唐毅和一位电影导演已经结婚10年，但这似乎是一场困难重重的婚姻生活。她告诉自己的朋友：“我和他的亲戚们一直无法很好地相处，但他总是站咱他们那一边。他属于那种腻在妈妈身边的男人。”
尽管婚姻破裂的人们依然要背负耻辱的标记，但是不断变化的社会道德观念和社会经济关系让破记录数量的不愉快的夫妻敢于解开这个结。中国式离婚率在上升。
根据民政局提供的数据，2009年结婚的人群中有五分之一最终离婚。去年有171万对中国夫妻离婚，比上一年增加了10.3％，即16万对。
这个数字一直呈上升趋势。去年，每1000人中平均离婚的人数为1.85人。在1985年，这个数字仅为0.4。
这个趋势是惊人的，因为中国文化一直对离婚持否定态度。一则古老的格言劝诫新婚夫妇应当“白头偕老”。在封建社会，妇女如果与多个男人结过婚，会被认为是可耻的。离婚的女人被认为不要脸，并被叫做“破鞋”。但是对于男人，离婚一直就很容易。
中国政府在50年代通过了第一部中国婚姻法，其中禁止包办婚姻、纳妾和童养媳。在“调解”失败的情况下，双方可以离婚。中国在50年代见证了一大批政治因素导致的离婚现象，因为很多中国人都选择放弃被包办的婚姻。
1981年通过了一项新的法律，如果一方发生了婚外情、家庭暴力、吸毒或赌博的现象，法律支持离婚。还接受以“感情破裂”为理由的离婚诉求，即使一方坚持另一方反对。
仅在7年之前，夫妻双方需要拿到所在单位和居委会的证明才可以离婚。很多人因此被迫维持着已经死亡的婚姻，因为他们希望保留隐私，避免公开丑闻。2003年修订的婚姻法取消了这项要求，简化了手续，夫妻可以更方便地取得离婚证明。
一位电影制作人Victor Lee说：“邓小平的改革开放政策让中国人更加富裕、自由、思维独立，这些社会变化都反映在近些年的影视剧中，它们描述了三角恋爱和其它的婚姻问题。”尽管Lee对这些家庭的破裂表示遗憾，但他依然认为“经济独立的女性抛弃不道德的丈夫”是值得欣喜的事情。
智囊团中国社会科学院的研究员唐军，把离婚数量的激增归因于年轻一代的心态和行为的变化，这些人基本上都是80年代出生的独生子女。环球时报引用他的话说：“他们接受的教育比父母要好，在经济上更加独立，同时也有强烈的自我认知，这会让他们的婚姻更容易遭到破坏。”
有些离婚的原因在于双方的反复无常。例如，一对20多岁的北京男女，在认识几个月之后就举办了婚礼——中国人管这叫“闪婚”。但是当她发现他还在给自己的前女友发短信时，他们又以同样的方式离婚了。
这种冲动的行为让中国的一些官员警醒。中国的立法机构人民代表大会的代表黑信文，在去年3月建议设置一个强制的“冷静”期，给情绪激动的夫妻一些时间来挽救他们的婚姻。他认为高离婚率的部分原因在于“手续过于简单”。
汉学家和作家Linda Jaivin并不认为这值得紧张。她说：“这表示中国正在与其它国家靠拢。另一方面，这与社会不断强化的唯物观点有关。婚姻在本质上已经成为一个物质化的安排，而不是精神体验。”
Jaivin的小说《极度淫荡的女人》的背景是1904年的中国和日本，她认为这种思维方式体现了中国社会的变化。她说：“人们必须依靠自身来获取温饱，他们不能指望国家的关照，人们因此变得很实际。”
她认为，这种婚姻注定是脆弱的，“如果人们带着强烈的物质欲望结婚，所有事情会步入歧途，而且人们很难再有坚强的意志来扭转这个趋势。但是如果两个人真正相爱，当浪漫退去，爱情依然存在，他们会逐渐学习调整自己，并让自己了解一切都是值得的。”
一些婚姻专家认为离婚率的上升也有其积极的一面。虽然过去的婚姻主要是经济利益的驱动，但是现在很多中国人更加重视双方的感情、适合性，甚至性生活的满足感。
尽管离婚率在上升，但婚姻依然对很多中国人具有吸引力。民政局的同一份报告中显示，去年有2400多万人缔结连理。官方表示其中很多都是曾经的离婚人士。
原文：
A Divorce Club in Shanghai, China, provides counseling, social events and divorce parties, as seen in this 2006 picture
Beijing, China (CNN) -- TV actress Tang Yi has been married to a film director for over 10 years, but it's been a rocky marriage. "I did not get along with my in-laws, but my husband kept taking their side," she told one of her friends. "He was a sort of momma's boy." Last year, the free-spirited thirtysomething decided she had enough. She got a divorce.
Though there is still stigma attached to a broken marriage, changing social mores and socio-economic relationships are prompting a record number of unhappy couples to untie the knot. Divorce -- Chinese-style -- is on the rise.
In 2009, one in five Chinese marriages ended in divorce, according to a report by the Ministry of Civil Affairs. The report said 1.71 million Chinese couples broke up last year -- 160,000 couples, or 10.3 percent, more than the previous year.
The figures follow an upward trajectory. Last year the divorce rate -- the number of divorces per 1,000 people -- stood at about 1.85 per thousand. In 1985, the figure was only 0.4 per thousand.
The trend is significant because Chinese culture has long leaned heavily against divorce. An ancient proverb admonishes newlyweds to "be married until your hair turns white." In the old feudal culture, it was shameful for women to marry more than once. Divorced women were considered disgraceful failures and were called "po xie (old shoe)." But for men, divorce has been traditionally easy.
In 1950, the Chinese government enacted China's first marriage law. It banned arranged marriages, concubinage and child betrothal. It allowed divorce but only after "mediation and counseling" had failed. Still, China in the 1950s saw a surge of politically driven divorces as many Chinese opted out of arranged marriages.
In 1981, a new law was enacted which granted divorce if one party is found guilty of extramarital affairs, domestic violence, and addiction to drugs or gambling. It also accepted "complete alienation of mutual affection" as grounds for divorce and allowed one party to ask for it, even if the other party opposed.
Just seven years ago, couples needed written permission from employers or neighborhood committees to end marriage. Many couples were forced to stay in "dead marriages" just to keep their privacy and avoid public stigma. In 2003, however, a revised marriage law dropped that requirement and simplified procedures, allowing couples to get their divorce certificates more easily.
"Deng Xiaoping's open-door and economic reform policies have made Chinese richer, freer, and more independent-minded," noted Victor Lee, a film producer. "These social changes are reflected in recent movies and television series, which depicted love triangles and other marital problems." While Lee bemoans the breakup of families, he cheers "the economically empowered women dumping their immoral husbands."
Tang Jun, a researcher at the think tank Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, attributes the spike to changes in the mindset and behavior of the young generation, who are typically single-child born in the 1980s. "They are better educated than their parents, are more independent economically and have developed a stronger sense of self, which tends to wreck marriages more easily," Tang was quoted as saying by the Global Times.
Fickleness is also blamed for some of the breakups. A Beijing couple in their late 20's, for example, got married merely a few months after they met -- a practice the Chinese call "shan hun," or "blitz marriage." But when she discovered he was still sending text messages to his ex-girlfriend, they divorced in a similar blitzkrieg fashion.
Such impetuous behavior alarms some Chinese officials. Hei Xinwen, a delegate to the National People's Congress, China's legislature, last March proposed a mandatory "cooling off" period to give squabbling couples time to save their marriage. He blamed the high divorce rate on "too simple procedures" to secure divorce.
Linda Jaivin, a sinologist and writer, sees no reason for alarm. "It means China is becoming much more like everywhere else," she said. "On the other hand, it also has something to do with the growing materialism in the society. Marriage has become a material arrangement at heart and not a heart arrangement at heart."
Author of "A Most Immoral Woman," a love and lust story set in China and Japan in 1904, Jaivin believes this mind-set mirrors the changes in Chinese society. "People have to rely on themselves to feed and clothe and house themselves," she said. "They can't really rely on the state to look after them, and people have become practical in that way."
Such marriages, she said, tend to be fragile. "When people get married with a very strong sense of material benefit, things can get rather wrong and people do not necessarily have a will to make it go right again," she explained. Whereas when two people fall in love, okay, the romance wears off, but love deepens in other ways, and they learn to adjust and they decide it's worth it."
Some marital experts, however, see a positive side to the rise in broken marriages. Whereas in the past marriage was primarily an economic proposition, many Chinese now place a premium on mutual affection, compatibility and even sexual satisfaction.
In spite of the rise in divorces, marriage remains appealing to many Chinese. The same report of the Ministry of Civil Affairs revealed that more than 24 million people tied the knot last year. Officials say many of them were divorcees.
翻译交流:见"地下室"Immoral可以翻译成“淫荡”吗？“不道德”更适用吧？ |
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发表于 2010-6-22 15:02
发表于 2010-6-23 16:55
