【中文标题】中国工厂竞相吸引劳动力
【原文标题】Chinese Factories Now Compete to Woo Laborers
【登载媒体】New York Times
【原文链接】http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/13/world/asia/13factory.html?ref=asia
【翻译方式】人工
【译者】filookm
【声明】本翻译供Anti-CNN使用，未经AC或译者许可，不可转载。
【原文库链接】http://bbs.m4.cn/thread-254193-1-1.html
【译文】
ZHONGSHAN, China — If Wang Jinyan, an unemployed factory worker with a middle school education, had a résumé, it might start out like this: “Objective: seeking well-paid, slow-paced assembly-line work in air-conditioned plant with Sundays off, free wireless Internet and washing machines in dormitory. Friendly boss a plus.”
中国，中山市——只有中学毕业现在失业的工厂工人王金妍（音译，下同）如果有份简历，大概会这样开始：“工作要求：找一份在空调厂流水线上的高工资、慢节奏的附带双休的工作，宿舍里要有无线上网设备和洗衣机，要是再有一个好老板，那就更好了。”
As she eased her way along a gantlet of recruiters in this manufacturing megalopolis one recent afternoon, Ms. Wang, 25, was in no particular rush to find a job. An underwear company was offering subsidized meals and factory worker fashion shows. The maker of electric heaters promised seven-and-a-half-hour days. “If you’re good, you can work in quality control and won’t have to stand all day,” bragged a woman hawking jobs for a shoe manufacturer.
前几天的一个下午，她慢悠悠地晃过这座制造业大都市的一长串招聘摊位，这位25岁的王女士显然并不着急去找个工作。一架内衣公司正打着提供餐补的牌子，员工风采展示秀也在实时上演。一架电热器的制造商许诺一天工作7个半小时。为一家鞋厂招工的一个女人也吆喝道：“如果你干得好，就会被分配到质量控制室，不用再整天站着了！”
Ms. Wang flashed an unmistakable look of ennui and popped open an umbrella to shield her fair complexion from the South China sun. “They always make these jobs sound better than they really are,” she said, turning away. “Besides, I don’t do shoes. Can’t stand the smell of glue.”
华南的阳光照在她的脸庞上，王女士脸上闪过一丝明显的倦怠。她随即撑起了一把伞。“他们总是说得很好听，”她转过来对我说，“可惜，我不愿意去。忍受不了胶水的那种气味。”
Assertive, self-possessed workers like Ms. Wang have become a challenge for the industrial titans of the Pearl River Delta that once filled their mammoth workshops with an endless stream of pliant labor from China’s rural belly.
很明显的，像王女士这样有想法的工人已经变成了珠三角工业区的一个挑战了。因为以前来自中国农村的劳动力到这里打工的人源源不断，他们都很吃苦耐劳，且从不抱怨。
In recent months, as the country’s export-driven juggernaut has been revived and many migrants have found jobs closer to home, the balance of power in places like Zhongshan has shifted, forcing employers to compete for new workers — and to prevent seasoned ones from defecting to sweeter prospects.
最近几个月，随着由出口驱动的贸易浪潮已经减弱，许多农民工在家门口就找到了工作，像中山这种地方的工作重心已经转向防止季节性农民工的流失。这种情况正迫使雇主竞相吸引新的工人。
The shortage has emboldened workers and inspired a spate of strikes in and around Zhongshan that paralyzed Honda’s Chinese operations last month. The unrest then spread to the northern city of Tianjin, where strikers briefly paralyzed production at a Toyota car plant and a Japanese-owned electronics factory.
在中山及其附近地区，民工荒让工人们的胆子大了起来，并在上月引起了导致本田中国瘫痪的罢工潮。这种情况迅速扩散到了北方城市天津。在那里，罢工让一家丰田汽车厂和一家日本电子厂短暂停产。
Although the walkouts were quelled with higher salaries, factory owners and labor experts said that the strikes have driven home a looming reality that had been predicted by demographers: the supply of workers 16 to 24 years old has peaked and will drop by a third in the next 12 years, thanks to stringent family-planning policies that have sharply reduced China’s population growth.
尽管更高的工资平息了这些罢工，但是专家表示这些罢工很清楚地表明了人口学家的预言：16—24岁这个年龄段的劳动力已经到了峰值，接下来12年内就会减少三分之一，原因是严厉的计划生育政策大大减缓了中国人口的增长速度。
In Zhongshan, many factories are operating with vacancies of 15 to 20 percent, compelling some bosses to cruise the streets in their BMWs and Mercedeses in a desperate hiring quest during crunch time.
中山很多工厂都在缺15%—20%人员的情况下运转，这迫使一些老板开着他们的宝马和奔驰轿车在大街上焦急地寻找着要雇用的人。
The other new reality, perhaps harder to quantify, is this: young Chinese factory workers, raised in a country with rapidly rising expectations, are less willing to toil for long hours for appallingly low wages like dutiful automatons.
另外一种可能更难被量化的情况是：年轻一代的工厂工人在一个期望值高速增长的国家长大，他们不愿意像机器人那样忍受长时间工作，而且还拿着低得可怜的工资。
Guo Yuhua, a sociologist at Tsinghua University, said the new cohort of itinerant workers was better educated, Internet-savvy and covetous of the urban niceties they discovered after leaving the farm. “They want a life just like city folk, and they have no interest in going back to being farmers,” said Ms. Guo, who studies China’s 230 million-strong migrant population.
清华大学社会学家郭玉华表示，这些流动的工人一般都受过良好的教育，精通互联网，渴求一切从他们离开农村后看到的城市里好的东西。研究中国2.3亿多流动人口的郭女士说：“他们想过上城里人一样的生活，根本不想再回到农村再去做农民。”
But the more immediate challenge is to the Chinese export machine, which churns out about a third of China’s gross domestic product. Stanley Lau, deputy chairman of the Hong Kong Federation of Industries, whose 3,000 members employ more than three million workers, said he had been advising factory owners to offer better salaries, to treat employees more humanely and to listen to their complaints.
这对中国的出口机器来说是一个更加紧迫的挑战，因为出口占据了中国大概三分之一的GDP。香港工业联合会的副主席斯坦利·刘表示，他已经告诫厂长们要提供更高一点的工资，要对员工好一点，要倾听他们的抱怨。香港工业联合会拥有3000个会员，雇佣了超过300万员工。
“The young generation thinks differently than their parents, they have been well protected by their families, and they don’t like to ‘chi ku,’ ” Mr. Lau said.
“年轻一代的想法与他们父母的不同，他们的家庭很好地保护着他们，他们不喜欢吃苦。”刘先生说。
The expression “chi ku,” or eat bitterness, is a time-honored staple of Chinese culture. But for young workers in Zhongshan, it is not the badge of honor that an older generation wore with pride.
“吃苦”是中国文化自古以来备受尊重的标签。但是对中山的年轻的工人来说，这不是老一辈人那种引以为豪的荣誉标志。
In an effort to avoid eating too much bitterness, Zhang Jinfang, a talkative 28-year-old, has cycled through a dozen factory jobs since arriving in Zhongshan after high school. “Sometimes I’ll quit after a few weeks because the work is too hard or too boring,” he said, eating dinner at an outdoor restaurant. “Money is important, but it’s also important to have less pressure in your life.”
为了避免吃太多苦，张金方（28岁，非常健谈）高中毕业后来到中山，已经换了十几个工作，
“有时候觉得工作太苦太没劲干几个星期后就辞职了”，他在餐馆里边吃饭边说：“钱很重要，但是没有那么大压力的生活也很重要。”
Mr. Zhang saves almost nothing of the $260-a-month salary he earns assembling cardboard boxes, another notable shift from the previous generation, which saved voraciously. By Western standards, he works hard — six days a week, sometimes more when orders pile up — and he spends about a fifth of his pay on a rented apartment, having long since fled the bunk beds and curfews of the factory-owned dormitory. His dream: to one day run a factory of his own. “But for now, I’d love to work in an air-conditioned office,” he said.
张先生一个月挣1800元左右的工资，但他几乎不存钱，而上一辈的人则疯狂地的存钱。以西方的标准来看，他工作很努力——每周干六天，订单多的时候还要加班。他花三分之一的工资租了一间房子，因为这样可以不用睡工厂宿舍的硬板床，也用不着理会宿舍每天晚上的管理和断电熄灯。他的梦想是有一天开一家属于自己的工厂：“但是目前，我更愿意到有着空调的办公室里工作。”他说。
One factor in the expanding consciousness of migrant laborers is an astounding rise in education, with an additional three million students graduating high school between 2004 and 2008. The result is that a growing number young people are ambitious, optimistic and more aware of their rights, said Lin Yanling, a labor specialist at the China Institute of Industrial Relations. Then there is their fluency with technology — cellphones, e-mail and Internet chat — that connects them to peers in other factories. “When they bump against unfair treatment, they are less afraid to challenge authority,” she said.
农民工的权利意识在不断高涨，这其中的一个原因是教育素质惊人的进步。中国工业关系研究院的劳动力专家林艳玲表示，2004年到2008年共有300万学生高中毕业，结果就是这批不断壮大的年轻人群体野心勃勃，乐观向上并且明了他们的权利。他们非常熟练地使用手机，电邮，QQ这些高科技和其他工厂里的同辈人进行联系。林女士说：“当他们群起反抗不公正的待遇时，他们不害怕挑战高层。”
With her iridescent fuchsia toenails and caramel-tinted hair, Liang Yali does not exactly fit the stereotype of the “made in China” worker bee. Raised by rice-farming peasants on the island province of Hainan, Ms. Liang, 22, is happily employed at a lock factory, where she packs up the finished product into boxes.
梁雅丽把脚指甲涂成了鲜艳的紫红色，把头发染成了褐红色，这些都与我们头脑中对“中国制造”的工人像忙碌的蜜蜂般的刻板印象格格不入。22岁的梁雅丽在海南岛由种植水稻的农民抚养长大，她很高兴被一家锁厂雇用，在那里她负责把成品装进盒子里。
She rents an apartment with two friends, eats out for most meals and spends Saturday night bar-hopping or singing at a local karaoke parlor. At night, before she goes to sleep, she sometimes plays a computer game in which participants steal vegetables from one another’s virtual farm.
她和两个朋友一起租了一套公寓，饭大部分都在外面吃，周六晚上到酒吧狂欢一下或者到当地的卡拉OK里飚一下唱歌。晚上睡觉之前，有时候会上开心网偷会儿菜。
Unlike many workers in Zhongshan, Ms. Liang had heard about the strikes, perhaps because the front door to Guangdong Mingmen Lock Industry sits across a muddy canal from where employees of a Honda lock factory held a rare protest last month. She expressed measured sympathy for the strikers, but said she was not interested in following their lead. “My boss is nice and the work isn’t strenuous, so I have no complaints,” she said.
不像中山许多其他的工人，罢工的事儿梁女士听说了，这也可能仅仅是因为和他们锁厂仅一河之隔的一家本田锁厂上个月刚刚爆发了一场罕见的罢工。她对罢工表达了一定的同情。但是也表示她没有兴趣响应他们的号召。“我们的老板人不错，工作强度也不大，所以我没什么可抱怨的。”她说。
Her friend and co-worker Li Jingling, 27, nodded in agreement, adding that their company sponsored sports activities and allowed employees to dress in street clothes on Saturdays. When the topic turned to her parents, Ms. Li said she felt sorry for them. “They go out to the fields when the sun rises and return home when the sun goes down,” she said. “No matter how difficult their marriage was, they would stick it out. For us, whether a bad marriage or a bad job, we’ll leave it if it’s lousy.”
她的朋友兼同事，27岁的李静玲点头表示同意，补充说他们公司资助员工搞体育活动并且允许员工在周六穿便服上班。当话题转到她的父母的时候，李女士说她感到抱歉。“他们日出而作日落而息，”她说,“无论父母的婚姻多么艰难，他们总能坚持下来。对我们来说，不管是不幸的婚姻还是不好的工作，如果不行，我们马上就会离开。”
Back on recruiters’ row, the afternoon sun had thinned the already sparse crowd of job-seekers, leaving a few roughneck kids so undisciplined that not even the sweltering pipe factory was interested in taking them on.
回到招聘的队伍处，下午的阳光让本就不多的应聘者看起来更少了，只有一些二流子还在那，要样子没样子，要素质没素质，即使热水管厂都没兴趣招他们。
Xiang Qing, a 22-year-old recruiter for the Funilai undergarment factory, was looking wilted and abject under the shade of a plastic canopy. Her factory, which normally employs 2,700 people, was about 700 bodies short. She did her best to sound upbeat, but admitted that it was getting more difficult to find people who are willing to “love the factory and make it their home,” as her brochure suggested.
向晴，富妮来内衣厂的一个22岁的招聘员，在塑料帐篷下看起来无精打采表情凄苦。他们工厂正常来说应该有2700人，但现在大约有700人的缺口。她尽量让她的声音听起来轻松愉快，但是她也承认现在越来越难找到“爱厂如爱家”的人了，那句话就写在宣传手册上。
Ms. Xiang complained that too many young people were unwilling to work hard. “They’re all spoiled and coddled and have no patience,” she said. Then, with the interview over, she returned to her reading material, a woman’s magazine called Beauty.
向女士抱怨说太多的年轻人都不愿意努力工作了。“他们都被惯坏了，没有一点耐心.”她说。然后，采访结束后，她转过身继续读她的杂志，一本女性杂志：美人志。
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发表于 2010-7-15 18:43
QQ也是高科技
