【中文标题】中国抓住了西藏历史上那一阴暗的章节
【原文标题】How China Turned Dark Days for Tibet Into Reason to Be There///China Seizes on a Dark Chapter for Tibet
【登载媒体】纽约时报
【来源地址】http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/10/world/asia/10gyantse.html?ref=china
【原文库链接】http://bbs.m4.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=259846&pid=3739992&page=1&extra=#pid3739992
【译者】和解团结
【翻译方式】人工
【说明】
此文经纽约时报搜索系统，在进入文章前的标题和进入文章后的标题不同，因此我也用同样的方法翻译了两个中文标题。另外感谢音乐盒，HgHg，和rhapsody对此译文的修改。
【译文】
黄安伟报道
2010年8月9日
江孜的堡垒，建于13世纪，曾于1904年易手英国
西藏江孜报道 –田野上，一座白色的堡垒若隐若现，一个破碎但依旧壮丽的阵地栖息于石山之上，下面是一片迷人的披着金色光泽的油菜田。
1904年时，此处的一场战斗改变了西藏的历史。一个由英帝国探险家荣赫鹏率领的远征军夺取了这座堡垒并且从这里进军首都拉萨，他的部队进而成为第一个撬开西藏大门并从资深喇嘛那里夺取商业特许权的西方力量。
这场血腥的入侵使得在北京的清朝满族统治者认识到他们需要将西藏置于他们的控制之下，而不是继续将它当作一个附属国。
于是，1910年，在英国人离开之后，2000名中国士兵占领了拉萨。这场占领在1913年清朝解体之后结束，随之而来的是西藏在这一段时间里事实上的独立，许多藏人将这作为现代西藏是主权国家的依据。
可能是受到清朝皇帝之前入侵这一山地王国的影响，中国共产党于1951年再次夺取了西藏。
如今，江孜和其他西藏中部的城镇很像。它那满是灰尘的道路两边布满了被许多藏人视为最新一波侵略者的汉族移民开的商店和餐馆。
但是，中国的官员更愿意将世界的目光从上面的事情上移开，而是聚焦在1904年发生在江孜的那件，可以方便的切入他们所精通的关于西藏和中国历史的叙述的野蛮事情上。
中国政府坚称西藏是中国“不可分割”的一部分，并将1904年的侵略挪用成共产党教育系统称之为“百年国耻”的帝国主义长久以来肢解中国的努力中的另一章节。
在共产党关于江孜的叙述中，藏人是清朝时成为外国力量牺牲品的中国人的替身。
“当地人对英国人进行了反抗”德珠，一个来自拉萨外办陪同外国记者进行官方组织的西藏报道游的藏族女士说道。“他们做出了一场伟大的抵抗，所以江孜被称作英雄城。”
在90年代末，当英国将香港交还给中国的时候，中国政府发动了一场宣传战役来强调那个主题。
一部关于1904年英国入侵的情节剧,“红河谷”，在1997年上映。电影本身很受欢迎，即使在今天中国人依然极力赞扬它。这部电影也同样是西藏官员被要求必须看的电影，对很多学生也是如此。
“我还看过一个音乐剧，两个戏剧，另一个故事片和一部小说，都是关于这个主题的，而且都是那个时期的，“罗伯特•班尼特，哥伦比亚大学的藏学家在谈到90年代末期时说道。他说在那之前，他在藏语文学没看到任何把江孜称作”英雄城“的情况。
在2004年，英国入侵100周年时候，官员们组织了各种活动来纪念，包括一场音乐剧，“血染红河谷.”
然后就是这个堡垒里的博物馆。曾经，这里的一个英语标识将它称作“抗英纪念堂”。，据曾经在1999年参观过这里的历史学家帕特里克•佛朗驰在他的书《西藏，西藏》中的描述，这里展示着“劣质的战场浮雕和莫名其妙的说明文字。”
那么，在1904年的江孜，到底发生了什么？
荣赫鹏的远征军是由印度总督寇松勋爵派出的，为的是能从十三世达赖喇嘛那里取得贸易特许权。西藏的地位也在英俄为争夺中亚影响力的大博弈中日渐重要。
英国官员听说在达赖喇嘛的政府中有俄国人存在，于是想了解真相。这意味着把他们自己的官员放到拉萨去，一个之前从来没完成过的事情。
荣赫鹏上校和陆军准将麦克唐纳的部队从英属印度的锡金出发，穿越则利拉山口进入西藏。据彼得•霍普克里克在《世界屋脊上的入侵者》，一本记述西方试图打开西藏大门的历史书中的描述，他们带着1000名士兵，2挺马克辛机枪和4台大炮于1903年12月12日穿过边境。他们身后的皑皑白雪中，跟随着的是10，000名苦力，7，000头驴子，4，000头牦牛和6只骆驼。
在古鲁村之外，他们遇到了一个有1500人驻守的藏军营地。双方开战。包括锡克人和廓尔喀人的英国军队开火。四分钟之内，700名装备简陋的西藏人非死即伤。
之后，在曲美雄谷，江孜20英里外一个狭长的山谷里，英国人又屠杀了200名藏人。
藏人在江孜的堡垒，藏语中又称宗，的地方做出了他们最后的抵抗。在7月5日要求投降的最后期限结束之后，英国人从堡垒的东南方向发动了进攻。
由军官和士兵组成的一条细线艰难的在岩石表面向上攀爬。伦敦《泰晤士报》的珀西瓦尔•伦敦写道“这里是如此陡峭，以至于一旦有人滑落，就几乎不可避免的将他下面的人也带下去”。
藏军向下倾泻着弹药和石头。但是，当一名中尉和印度士兵率领其他人突破防线后，藏军就顺着两条绳子逃跑了。
“宗山的沦陷对藏人的士气有着致命的影响，” 霍普克里克写道。“一个古老的迷信说道，如果这个伟大的堡垒被侵略者攻陷了，那么更多的抵抗都是没有意义的。”
之后不久，英国人就到了拉萨。两个月之后，在即将永久离开拉萨之前的一个晚上，荣赫鹏上校骑马行至山上，向下凝视着这座古老的城市。在这里，他经历了一个奇特的顿悟，使他决定结束一切流血杀人行为，并且创造了一个宗教运动—世界信仰大会。
“这一时刻的兴奋不断增长，直到它强烈的流经我的全身，”他在回忆录中写道，“印度和西藏。”“从此我不再能去想那些邪恶，甚至对任何人产生恨意。所有的自然和人都沐浴在美好的温暖阳光中；未来的生活看上去充满了可能和阳光。”
高海伦在北京为此文贡献了她的研究
原文：
China Seizes on a Dark Chapter for TibetBy EDWARD WONGPublished: August 9, 2010
GYANTSE, Tibet — The white fortress loomed above the fields, a crumbling but still imposing redoubt perched on a rock mound above a plain of golden rapeseed shimmering in the morning light.
A battle here in 1904 changed the course of Tibetan history. A British expedition led by Sir Francis E. Younghusband, the imperial adventurer, seized the fort and marched to Lhasa, the capital, becoming the first Western force to pry open Tibet and wrest commercial concessions from its senior lamas.
The bloody invasion made the Manchu rulers of the Qing court in Beijing realize that they had to bring Tibet under their control rather than continue to treat it as a vassal state.
So, in 1910, well after the British had departed, 2,000 Chinese soldiers occupied Lhasa. That ended in 1913, after the disintegration of the Qing dynasty, ushering in a period of de facto independence that many Tibetans cite as the modern basis for a sovereign Tibet.
The Chinese Communists seized Tibet again in 1951, perhaps influenced by the Qing emperor’s earlier decision to invade the mountain kingdom.
These days, Gyantse resembles other towns in central Tibet. Its dusty roads are lined with shops and restaurants run by ethnic Han migrants, whom many Tibetans see as the most recent wave of invaders.
But Chinese officials prefer to direct the world’s attention away from that and to the brutal events at Gyantse in 1904, which conveniently fit into their master narrative for Tibetan and Chinese history.
The Chinese government insists Tibet is an “inalienable” part of China, and it has appropriated the 1904 invasion as another chapter in the long history of imperialist efforts to dismantle China — what the Communist education system calls the “100 years of humiliation.”
In that Communist narrative of Gyantse, the Tibetans are a stand-in for the Chinese who were victimized by foreign powers during the Qing dynasty.
“The local people resisted the British there,” said Dechu, a Tibetan woman from the foreign affairs office in Lhasa who accompanied foreign journalists on a recent official tour of Tibet. “They put up a great resistance, so it’s called the City of Heroes.”
In the late 1990s, when Britain was handing Hong Kong back to China, the Chinese government started a propaganda campaign to highlight that theme.
A melodramatic movie about the 1904 British invasion, “Red River Valley,” was released in 1997. It was a hit, and Chinese still rave about it. It was also required viewing for officials in Tibet and for many schoolchildren.
“I’ve also seen a musical, two plays, another feature film and a novella on the same topic, all from that time,” Robert Barnett, a Tibet scholar at Columbia University, said of the late 1990s. He said that he had not seen any reference in Tibetan literature to Gyantse as the City of Heroes before then.
In 2004, the centenary of the British invasion, officials staged activities to commemorate it, including a musical, “The Bloodbath in the Red River Valley.”
Then there is the museum in the fort. A sign in English once identified it as “the Memorial Hall of Anti-British.” In 1999, it displayed “shoddy relief sculptures of battle scenes, with unintelligible captions,” according to Patrick French, a historian who described his visit there in his book “Tibet, Tibet.”
So what did happen in Gyantse in 1904?
The Younghusband expedition was sent by Lord Curzon, the viceroy of India, to force the 13th Dalai Lama to agree to commercial concessions. Tibet had also begun to figure prominently in what was known as the Great Game, where the British and Russian empires vied for influence in Central Asia.
British officials had heard of a Russian presence in the court of the Dalai Lama and wanted to learn the truth. That meant getting officers to Lhasa, which had never been done before.
Colonel Younghusband was teamed with Brig. Gen. J. R. L. Macdonald to lead a force from Sikkim, in British India, across the Jelap Pass into Tibet. They crossed the border on Dec. 12, 1903, with more than 1,000 soldiers, 2 Maxim guns and 4 artillery pieces, according to “Trespassers on the Roof of the World,” a history of Western efforts to open Tibet, by Peter Hopkirk. Behind them, in the snow, trailed 10,000 laborers, 7,000 mules, 4,000 yaks and 6 camels.
Outside the village of Guru, they encountered an encampment of 1,500 Tibetan troops. Hostilities broke out. The British troops, which included Sikhs and Gurkhas, opened fire. In four minutes, 700 poorly armed Tibetans lay dead or dying.
Later, at Red Idol Gorge, a narrow defile just 20 miles from Gyantse, the British slaughtered another 200 Tibetans.
The Tibetans made their final stand at the fort at Gyantse, called a dzong, or jong, in Tibetan. After they missed a deadline to surrender on July 5, the British attacked from the southeast corner of the fort.
A thin line of officers and soldiers clambered up the sheer rock face. “The steepness was so great that a man who slipped almost necessarily carried away the man below him also,” wrote Perceval Landon of The Times of London.
The Tibetans rained down ammunition and stones. But one lieutenant and an Indian soldier made it through the breach, followed by others. The Tibetans fled, shimmying down two ropes.
“The surrender of the jong was to have a crushing effect on Tibetan morale,” Mr. Hopkirk wrote. “There was an ancient superstition that if ever the great fortress were to fall into the hands of an invader, then further resistance would be pointless.”
The British reached Lhasa soon afterward. Two months later, the evening before leaving Lhasa for good, Colonel Younghusband rode out to a mountain and gazed down at the ancient city, where he experienced a curious epiphany that inspired him to end all acts of bloodshed and found a religious movement, the World Congress of Faiths.
“This exhilaration of the moment grew and grew till it thrilled through me with overpowering intensity,” he wrote in a memoir, “India and Tibet.” “Never again could I think evil, or ever again be at enmity with any man. All nature and all humanity were bathed in a rosy glowing radiancy; and life for the future seemed naught but buoyancy and light.”
Helen Gao contributed research from Beijing. |
狗仔卡
楼主
提升卡
变色卡
抢沙发
千斤顶
显身卡
发表于 2010-8-10 23:49
发表于 2010-8-11 00:42
