本帖最后由 連長 于 2010-10-19 22:52 编辑
Early America
早期的美洲
Above: The hatched area of this polar view of the globe shows a land bridge of Beringia which once joined Asia and North America.
这幅地球极地图中画阴影的地区标出了曾经连接亚洲和北美洲陆地的白令地区。
The most recent Ice Age was about 35,000 years ago. Much of the world’s water was frozen into big sheets of ice. A land bridge—as wide as 1,500 kilometers—joined Asia and North America. By 12,000 years ago, humans lived throughout much of what now are the Americas.
最近的冰川期发生在约三万五千年前。世界上绝大多数的水都冻结成了巨大的冰块。这些延绵一千五百公里的陆桥使亚洲和北美洲连为一体。一万两千年前，人类居住在现今为美洲的各个地区。
The first “Americans” crossed the land bridge from Asia. Historians believe that they lived in what now is Alaska for thousands of years. They moved south into today’s mainland United States. They lived by the Pacific Ocean in the Northwest, in the mountains and deserts of the Southwest, and along the Mississippi River in the Midwest.
第一批“美洲人”从亚洲大陆涉过陆地桥梁到达美洲。历史学家们认为他们数千年来居住在现在的阿拉斯加地区。他们往南迁移，抵达了今天的美国境内。他们在沿太平洋的西北地区，在西南的山区和沙漠中，在中西部的密西西比河沿岸繁衍生息。
Above: The Mesa Verde settlement in Colorado was built in the 1200s.
科罗拉多州的佛得角台地殖民据点建于十二世纪。
These early groups are known as Hohokam, Adenans, Hopewellians, and Anasazi. They built villages and grew crops. Their lives were connected to the land. Family and community were important to them. History shows they told stories and shared information mostly by talking, not writing. Some used a form of picture writing called hieroglyphics. Nature was important to their spiritual beliefs. Some groups built big piles of earth in the shapes of snakes, birds, or pyramids.
The different groups traded with each other, but they also fought.
已知的早期群体有霍霍坎人、阿登那人、霍皮威利安斯人和阿纳萨齐人。他们建造了村庄并且种植农作物。他们的足迹遍及大陆。家庭和社会对他们很重要。历史研究表明他们通常依靠说话来交流和分享信息，而不是依靠写字。一些图案形式的书写被称为象形文字。大自然对他们的精神信仰来说很重要。一些群体建造了巨大的蛇形、鸟行或者金字塔式样的地面建筑。不同的群体有着贸易往来，但他们也时常争斗。
No one knows why, but these groups disappeared. Other groups, Hopi and Zuni, later came to this land and prospered. By the time the first Europeans arrived, about two million native people lived in what now is the United States.
这些群体最终都消亡了，没人知道原因。还剩下其他一些稍晚到达这片陆地并且一样繁荣发展的群体，如霍皮人和祖尼人。到第一拨欧洲人抵达为止，大约有两百万原住民居住在现今的美国。
Above: People of the Native-American fort known as Ancient Culture built the Great Serpent Mound in Adams County, Ohio. They erected the 403-meter monument between A.D. 1000 and 1550.
俄亥俄州亚当斯县巨蛇丘上的美洲原住民的城堡。公元1000年至1550年间，他们建造了长达403米的杰作。
Above: About 4,000 Native Americans lived in Lakota Village near Pine Ridge, South Dakota. (circa 1891)
大约4000名美洲原住民居住在南达科他州靠近松树岭的拉科塔村。（约1891年）
Historians believe that the Norse may have been the first Europeans to arrive. They came from Greenland, where Erik the Red had started a settlement around 985. In 1001, Erik’s son, Leif, explored the northeast coast of what now is Canada. Remaining pieces of Norse houses were found in northern Newfoundland.
历史学家们认为挪威人可能是第一批抵达的欧洲人。他们来自于格陵兰岛，该岛在985年左右成为红发埃瑞克的殖民地。1001年，埃瑞克的儿子雷夫，探查了现今的加拿大东北部海岸。纽芬兰北部也发现了挪威人遗留下来的房屋遗迹。
Above: Christopher Columbus at the Royal Court of Spain Chromolithograph by Masters Cromwell and Kirkpatrick, circa 1884. Christopher Columbus is presenting his request to Queen Isabella I and King Ferdinand V and a gathering of courtiers.
由克伦威尔和柯氏两位大师在1884年绘制的彩色石印画《克里斯多夫•哥伦布在西班牙皇宫》。克里斯多夫•哥伦布正在将他的请求呈现给正在和大臣聚会的伊莎贝拉一世女皇和费迪南德五世国王。
It took almost 500 years for other Europeans to reach North America, and another 100 for them to build permanent settlements. The first explorers did not know about America. They were looking for a way to go to Asia from Europe by sea. Other Europeans who arrived later—mostly Spanish and Portuguese, but also Dutch, French, and British—came for land and the riches of the “New World.”
在近500年的时间里，其他欧洲人也相继来到北美，他们花费了100多年的时间建立了永久的移民地。第一拨探险队不知道美洲的一切。他们本来是希望探索出一条从欧洲通往亚洲的航道。稍晚抵达的欧洲人绝大部分是西班牙人和葡萄牙人，此外还有德国人、法国人和英国人----为了“新世界”的土地和财富纷至沓来。
The most famous explorer was Christopher Columbus. He was Italian, but Queen Isabella of Spain paid for his trips. Columbus landed on islands in the Caribbean Sea in 1492. He never reached what is now the United States.
最著名的探险家是克里斯托弗•哥伦布。他是意大利人，但却是西班牙伊莎贝拉女皇出资资助他的航行。1492年，哥伦布在加勒比海一个岛屿附近靠岸。他从未到达过现在的美国。
In 1497, John Cabot, an explorer sailing for England, landed in eastern Canada. 1497年，探险家约翰•卡伯特以英格兰的名义起航，在加拿大东部抵岸。
During the 1500s, Spain explored and claimed more land in the Americas than did any other country. In 1513, Juan Ponce de Léon landed in Florida. Hernando De Soto landed in Florida in 1539 and then explored all the way to the Mississippi River.
到了十五世纪，西班牙在美洲发现的土地比其他任何国家都要多，并主张拥有这些土地的所有权。1513年，胡安•庞塞•利昂在弗罗里达州靠岸。1539年，埃尔南多•索托登陆弗罗里达州，随后探索出了所有通往密西西比河的通道。
Spain conquered Mexico in 1522. In 1540, Francisco Vázquez de Coronado wanted to find the mythical Seven Cities of Cibola. He started looking in Mexico and then traveled north to the Grand Canyon in Arizona and into the Great Plains.
西班牙在1522年征服了墨西哥。1540年，弗兰西斯科•巴斯克斯•科罗那多想去寻找神话中的西伯拉七城市。他开始在墨西哥境内寻找，接着北上至亚利桑那州的大峡谷，并来到了大平原。
Above: John Cabot and his son Sebastian sailed from England and landed in Newfoundland, Canada, in 1497.
1497年，约翰•卡伯特和他的儿子塞巴斯蒂安从英格兰起航，在加拿大纽芬兰靠岸。
Above: San Juan Capistrano Mission is one of nine missions founded by Fray Junipero Sera, a Franciscan priest who led the Spanish settlement of California.
圣胡安•卡皮斯特拉使团是由弗雷•朱尼珀洛•色拉斯组建的九个使团中的一个，弗雷是个领导加利福尼亚州西班牙殖民地的圣方济各会的牧师。
Other Europeans, such as Giovanni da Verrazano, Jacques Cartier, and Amerigo Vespucci, explored further north. The two American continents were named after Amerigo Vespucci. The first permanent European settlement in North America was Spanish. It was built in St. Augustine in Florida. Thirteen British colonies to the north would later form the United States. Virginia and Massachusetts were the two earliest.
其他的欧洲人，比如乔瓦尼•维拉扎诺、 雅克•卡蒂亚和亚美瑞格•韦斯普奇号，对更北部的地区进行了探查。亚美瑞格•韦斯普奇号探查后便给这两块美洲大陆命名。北美洲的第一个永久的欧洲人殖民地是西班牙人建立的。它被建立在弗罗里达州的圣奥古斯丁。北部的13个英国的殖民地在后来形成了美利坚合众国。维吉尼亚和马萨诸塞是最早的两个。
It wasn’t just explorers who settled in the New World. People started to come to the New World to live. These people were immigrants from Europe.
“新大陆”的殖民者不仅仅是探险家。人们开始来到新大陆定居。这些移民来自欧洲。
Above: The Spanish built the Castillo de San Marcos between 1672 and 1695 to guard St. Augustine, Florida.
1672年至1695年间，西班牙人修建了卡斯蒂诺•桑马科斯，以保卫弗罗里达州的圣奥古斯汀。
Above: Hernando de Soto of Spain led a European expedition in 1540 with plans to colonize North America.
1540年，西班牙的埃尔南多•索托率领一支欧洲考察队，计划去使北美州成为殖民地。
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发表于 2010-10-19 02:05
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