【中文标题】谁的人权记录更糟糕？美国还是中国？
【原文标题】Whose Human-Rights Record is Worse? The U.S. or China?
【登载媒体】时代周刊
【原文作者】Hannah Beech
【原文链接】http://globalspin.blogs.time.com/2011/04/12/whose-human-rights-record-is-worse-the-u-s-or-china/
每年春天都有一个例行工作，美国发表上一个年度的中国人权记录报告，然后中国也会发布美国在这个领域的表现。可以预见，两个国家每次都会找到对方的大量问题。实际上，这个仪式并没有真正强调出每个国家人权遭到践踏的现实，而往往是演变成一种各说各话的争论。美国人在仪式结束后相信中国的确是一个残暴、专制的国家；中国人也点着头认可那些让美国成为一个暴力、种族主义国家的证据。
中国正在集中镇压不同政见者、活动人士、艺术家、博客写手、律师和几乎所有敢于批评党的人士，美国国务院的报告强调，中国政府在2010年使用“凌驾于法律之上的手段，包括强迫消失、‘软拘’和包括家庭成员在内的严厉的家庭软禁等手段，防止公开发表独立的观点。”还提到中国政府继续镇压桀骜不驯的少数民族地区，比如西藏和新疆，以及强制劳动和刑讯逼供等现象。总之，报告的结论是：
同过去几年的情形类似，公民没有被赋予改变政府的权力。去年主要存在的人权问题包括：超越法律的谋杀，如未经既定司法程序的处决；强迫消失和单独监禁，包括在非官方拘留场所，如“黑牢”中非法延长监禁时间；对犯人的刑讯和逼供；拘留、骚扰记者、作家、不同政见者、请愿者和其他在法律范围内和平行使诉求权力的人；缺少正常的诉讼程序；运用政治手段控制法庭和判决；非公开审判；使用行政力量监禁他人；限制集会、从事宗教活动和旅行的自由；无法保护难民和政治避难者；向其它国家施加压力，要求强制遣返公民；严密监控和限制非政府组织；歧视女性、少数民族和残疾人士；强制性的限制生育政策，在某些情况下导致了强制流产和强制绝育；贩卖人口；禁止独立的工会组织，缺少对工人罢工权力的保护；使用强迫劳动力，包括监狱劳动力。腐败依旧横行。
但是，中国人用他们所发现的美国存在的问题来给予还击，这是他们第11次发布这样的报告。来自北京的报告说：“美国对自身存在的恶劣的人权状况视而不见”，报告中列举了美国枪支犯罪的高发现象、监狱中庞大的罪犯数量，和“建立在金钱基础上的”民主。报告中还提到，美国“针对儿童的暴力现象非常严重”，“美国在遵守国际人权方面的记录声名狼藉”，而且“女性在美国经常遭到性骚扰和暴力对待”。
两份报告有一处显著的区别，中国的研究人士所搜集的大部分信息都来自美国的新闻媒体，美国人则做不到这一点，原因在于中国媒体的性质是政府掌控。美国报告的编纂者只能依靠一些人权监控机构或者非政府组织，来尽可能地了解中国的情况。中国公民如果不能越过防火长城，就很难看到报告中的信息。但是这并未阻止中国对美国产生的怒气，同时在中国国家媒体中出现了针对美国报告中内容反射性的回应。环球时报在报道中国的美国人权记录白皮书时，认为“美国存在暴力和歧视的现象”，并说“这份报告完全针对美国最新发布的抨击中国人权记录的报告”。
让他们继续争下去吧。
原文：
It's a spring ritual. Each year, the U.S. publishes its report on China's human-rights record the previous year—and then China presents its findings on America's own performance in the same realm. Both countries, as might be expected, find plenty wrong with each other. Indeed, instead of highlighting the actual human-rights abuses in each country, the annual rite often ends up devolving into a he-said, she-said argument between Washington and Beijing. Americans leave the debate convinced that China truly is a repressive, authoritarian place, while Chinese nod their heads at evidence that America is really a violent, racist nation.
Amid an ongoing crackdown on Chinese dissidents, activists, artists, bloggers, lawyers and seemingly pretty much everyone else who dares to criticize the Communist Party, the U.S. State Department's report highlighted the Chinese government's use in 2010 of “extralegal measures, including enforced disappearance, ‘soft detention,' and strict house arrest, including house arrest of family members, to prevent the public voicing of independent opinions.” Continuing repression in restive ethnic regions like Tibet and Xinjiang were noted, as were incidences of forced labor and torture. All in all, the report concluded that:
As in previous years, citizens did not have the right to change their government. Principal human rights problems during the year included: extrajudicial killings, including executions without due process; enforced disappearance and incommunicado detention, including prolonged illegal detentions at unofficial holding facilities known as “black jails”; torture and coerced confessions of prisoners; detention and harassment of journalists, writers, dissidents, petitioners, and others who sought to peacefully exercise their rights under the law; a lack of due process in judicial proceedings, political control of courts and judges; closed trials; the use of administrative detention; restrictions on freedoms to assemble, practice religion, and travel; failure to protect refugees and asylum-seekers; pressure on other countries to forcibly return citizens to China; intense scrutiny of, and restrictions on, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs); discrimination against women, minorities, and persons with disabilities; a coercive birth limitation policy, which in some cases resulted in forced abortion or forced sterilization; trafficking in persons; prohibitions on independent unions and a lack of protection for workers' right to strike; and the use of forced labor, including prison labor. Corruption remained endemic.
But the Chinese struck back with their findings on the state of America, the 11th time they've prepared such a document. “The United States turned a blind eye to its own terrible human rights situation,” said the Beijing report, singling out the high incidence of gun crime in America, its large prison population and a democracy that “is largely based on money.” The report went on to say: “violence against children is very severe” in the U.S., “the United States has a notorious record of international human rights violations” and “women in the United States often experience sexual assault and violence.”
There was once crucial difference between the two reports. The Chinese researchers culled much of their information from American news sources. This was something their American counterparts couldn't have done, given the state-controlled nature of the Chinese media. Instead, the U.S. writers depended partly on reports from human-rights watchdogs or other NGOs that do their best to monitor China. This information, of course, isn't easily available to Chinese citizens online who don't venture past the Great Firewall. But that fact hasn't deterred the drumbeat of indignation in China about the U.S. findings—and the reflexive recitation of American failings in the Chinese state media. In its coverage of the Chinese report on American human rights, the Global Times newspaper deemed that there were “violent and discriminatory elements present in the U.S.” and that “this report ran counter to the U.S.' latest report slamming Chinese human rights.”
Let the debate rage on. |
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发表于 2011-4-20 12:46
