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本帖最后由 corie_zhu 于 2011-6-3 17:22 编辑
【原文标题】India is world's 3rd most repressive society: Report
【中文标题】印度社会压抑程度全球第三
【登载媒体】伊朗对外广播电台网站
【来源地址】http://english.irib.ir/subcontin ... ?tmpl=component&;print=1
【译 者】朱朱(感谢秋秋的帮助~~)
【翻译方式】 人工
【声 明】 本翻译供Anti-CNN使用，未经AC或译者许可，不得转载。
【译 文】
New Delhi, May 28 – Rising India, which one thought was being propelled by its liberal outlook is, in truth, one of the world's most restrictive societies.
人们认为正在崛起的印度是在自由的展望之下不断发展的，而实际上，印度却是世界上最严厉的社会之一。
The country which likes to call itself the world's largest democracy, paradoxically also has one of the highest intolerance indices.
印度喜欢自称为世界上最大的民主国家之一，矛盾的是，它却是不宽容指数最高的国家之一。
And if you want to compare, it ranks third globally among restrictive societies, just after Pakistan and Malaysia, according to a study published in the International Journal of Science on Friday.
周五，国际科学杂志发表了一个调查，印度在最严厉的社会中排名第三，仅次于巴基斯坦和马来西亚。这个可以供你比较。
So you know now that the killing of couples for marrying 'out of caste', the dress codes imposed on women by caste panchayats, the ban on books and films that are presumed to be troublesome, the burning of seemingly offending works of art, and the public humiliation of unmarried couples are not isolated incidents. They fall into a pattern that is indicative of the growing intolerance in Indian society.
所以你就知道，以下这些事情不是偶然的了：不是同一种姓的情侣结婚会被处死，女人穿的衣服要由地方自治委员会来规定，被认定为能造成困扰的书籍和电影会被禁止，看似触犯规定的艺术作品要被焚毁，同居的人要受在公众场合受到羞辱。这些事情加在一起就显示出印度社会越来越不宽容的格局了。
The global study published by Science on Friday, which ranked 33 countries for their level 'tightness', exposes the myth of the so-called liberal India by placing it very high on the list of restrictive societies. Data collected for the study - 'Differences between tight and loose cultures: A 33- nation study' - was used to develop a scale of tightness- looseness. In general, tight societies have many strong norms and low tolerance of deviant behaviour, while loose ones have weak social norms and a high tolerance of deviant behaviour – such as the US, Israel, and most Western countries.
在周五科学杂志公布的全球调查中，33个国家由于他们的紧张程度被列了出来，还公布了一件怪事——所谓的自由的印度被放到了最严格的国家名单的头几名。这个研究叫做“33个国家，文化紧张与宽松之间的差别”。这项研究收集的数据被用来发展出衡量紧张与宽松的尺度。大体来讲，紧张社会有许多硬性规则，而且对违规行为的宽容度很差。然而，宽松社会社会规则较松懈，对违规行为宽容程度很高——诸如美国、以色列和多数西方国家都是宽松社会。
The tightness score was the highest for Pakistan (12.3), closely followed by Malaysia (11.8), India (11), Singapore (10.4) and South Korea (10). Surprisingly, China fares pretty well with a tightness score of 7.9, while Japan is at 8.6.
巴基斯坦的紧张程度最高，得分12.3，马来西亚（11.8）、印度（11）、新加坡（10.4）和韩国（10）以微弱差距紧随其后。令人惊讶的是，中国只有7.9，结果不错，而日本是8.6。
Scientists explained that a nation's tightness or looseness is, in part, determined by several factors that have shaped its history - including wars, natural disasters, disease outbreaks, population density and scarcity of natural resources.
科学家解释说，一个国家的紧张或宽松在一定程度上是由塑造其历史的诸多因素决定的，包括战争、自然灾害、疾病爆发、人口密度和自然资源稀缺程度。
"The tightness of a society indicates the degree to which people deviate from social norms and how much negative people feel about others who are different from themselves," said Michele Gelfand, who led the study, in an interview from Maryland.
负责这项研究的Michele Gelfand在接受马里兰采访时说：“一个社会的紧张程度是指人们在多大程度上可以违背社会规则以及人们对另类者有多大的负面看法。”
"It is good that the subject of intolerance has been addressed in a scientific manner," commented Gautam Adhikari, author of The Intolerant Indian. "As a nation, we have had a tradition of tolerance because this is the very basis of the idea of India, but as people we are highly intolerant and illiberal".
《不宽容的印度》的作者Gautam Adhikari评论说：“用科学方式来表述不宽容这个话题很好，”他还说，“作为一个国家，我们有着宽容的传统，因为这是我们建立印度的思想基础；但作为一个民族，我们却是高度不宽容和不自由的。”
Researchers surveyed 6,823 people representing a range of occupations as well as university students. In India, data was collected in Ahmedabad, Bhubaneswar, Chandigarh and Coimbatore.
研究者共调查了6823人，覆盖了多个职业也包括大学生，在印度，数据来源于阿默达巴德、布巴内斯瓦尔、昌迪加尔以及哥印拜陀四个城市。
Tightness-looseness (the overall strength of social norms and tolerance of deviance) was measured on a six-item scale that assessed the degree to which social norms are pervasive, clearly defined, and reliably imposed within nations.
紧张与宽松——社会规则的强度及对违规的宽容——是通过六个尺度来衡量的，这能评价出国家施行的社会规则的普及、明确和可信程度。
For instance, the scale included choices such as 'there are many social norms that people are supposed to abide by in this country'; 'in this country, if someone acts in an inappropriate way, others will strongly disapprove' and 'people in this country almost always comply with social norms'.
例如，衡量标准包括这样的选项：“在这个国家，人们要遵守许多社会规则”，“在这个国家，如果有人行为不合适，其他人会强烈反对”，以及“这个国家的人基本上总是遵守社会规则的”。
There were no specific questions on religious intolerance but data was collected on the religiosity of people. The data from the survey was then correlated with past data on wars, calamities and population from established databases. Historical information and data on institutions like the government, media and the criminal justice system was also analysed.
没有准备关于宗教不宽容的问题，但是这些数据有一部分也来源于宗教人口。然后这些调查得到的数据会与过去对战争、灾难以及已经建立的数据库中的人口数据建立关联。还会研究分析历史数据以及对诸如政府、媒体和刑事司法系统等制度的数据。
The study found that situations that people encounter differ in tight and loose societies. For example, everyday situations - like being in a park, classroom, theatre, bus, at job interviews, restaurants, and even one's bedroom - constrain behaviour much more in tight societies.
研究发现，在紧张与宽松的社会里人们面临的情况会不同。比如说，每天的情形都不一样——在公园里、教室里、电影院、公交车、工作面试、饭店，甚至卧室——紧张社会对行为的限制更多更强。
The restrictions imposed on unmarried couples in public parks or attacks on them on in India endorse the explanation of a restrictive or intolerant society – according to mindset of the morally-loose West.
按照道德宽松的西方思维，印度社会对公园里情侣的限制甚至攻击证明了这个社会不开放。
Tight and loose societies also vary in their institutions, with tight societies having more autocratic governments, closed media, and criminal justice systems that had more monitoring and greater deterrence of crime as compared to loose societies.
紧张与宽松社会的制度也不同，与宽松社会相比，紧张社会更多是独裁政府、封闭的媒体，而刑事司法系统更更多实施监督功能，对犯罪更有威慑力。
Gelfand said, "Tight societies require much stronger norms and are much less tolerant of behaviour that violates norms." Physical factors such as population density also play a role in how tight a society is. She said countries like India and Malaysia, which figure high on the score are heterogeneous in terms of languages and people.
Gelfand说：“紧张社会有更强的社会规则，对违规行为也没那么宽容。”有形因素如人口密度也对一个社会多紧张起作用。她说，像印度和马来西亚这样的国家评分很高的国家，语言、民族繁多。
This means that diversity could make people behave in a 'tight' manner. Gelfand says the cultural variation seen across countries "has the potential to be a major source of cultural conflict."
这意味着多样性也使人们行为方式更紧张。Gelfand认为，国家的文化多样性也可能是文化冲突的主要来源。 |
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