本帖最后由 yangfuguang 于 2011-6-30 10:42 编辑
【原文标题】Yin, Yang and political system 【中文标题】阴阳和政治体制
【登载媒体】china blog
【来源地址】http://bbs.m4.cn/forum.php?mod=redirect&tid=3106355&goto=lastpost#lastpost 【声 明】本翻译供Anti-CNN使用，未经AC或译者许可，不得转载。
【译 文】 如果你在维基查询“阴阳”的定义，你会看到如下的解释：在中国哲学中，阴阳的概念（简体汉字：阴阳，繁体：陰陽，拼音：yīnyáng）就是西方常常所知的“yin and yang”，它用来描述两种极性或者看起来相反的力量在自然界是相互联系和相互独立的，以及它们如何相互转化。并且阴阳是完全相反的，并且作为一个更加强大的整体来施加影响，是动力系统的一部分。这是中国人理解的阴阳吗？我认为是有差异的。 西方人认为阴阳是相反的，不会融合，因为你可以从“极”、和“相对”这些单词看出来，它们常用来描述“阴阳”。我认为这不是中国人理解阴阳的方式，中国人认为阴阳是彼此的组成，你可以看看象征阴阳的符号，中国人认为它们是事物的两面。 如果我们以西方人的眼光看待社会，那么不是1就是0，不是对就是错，不是民主就是专制。如果按照中国人的想法，没有明确的正误之分，更重要的是，这意味着，如果你想得到好的结果，你也要承受坏的部分，因为他们是互为补充的，是一体的，你不能简单地把它们分开。 例如，如果你拥有一个公寓，你想卖了它，再买个新的。在这种情况下，你想要那种市场行情呢，房价价格高还是低呢？答案是，房价低。因为房子的价格通常比公寓价格更高。所以为了得到一个房子，你就得接受公寓价格不高这个事实。这两笔交易是同时发生的。 让我惊讶的是，以中国人的眼光来看待我们的政治体制，很多问题变得明朗了， 第一，权力体制： “阳”的一面很明显（虽然西方媒体不愿承认）：看看台湾，韩国，印度尼西亚和现在中国的现代化。在我看来，在这样的体制下，如果政府优先考虑是改善民生，这种体制可以使政府更加科学地制定计划，并且专注于计划的实施，这对农村和多数民众是有利的。 “阴”的一面，和“阳”同步的，是： （1）一旦政府拥有强大的权力，这种权力不一定能为民所用。尽管中国政府已经为民工作了30年，但不能保证以后还会这样。（2）我看来，由于政府掌管一切，它会压制创新。如果在中国，比尔·盖茨将不会是比尔·盖茨，MJ也不是MJ了。 （3）政权合法性的问题。 对于现在的民主，我认为，“民主，人权和自由”都有其阴阳两面性。 只要你能看到阴的一面，“阳”的一面很明显。让我们看看阴面，因为我认为西方人没有真正认真考虑这个问题。 （1）绝对民主和绝对人权同时存在是个矛盾。 民主，简而言之 ，少数要服从多数。人权意味着少数不比向多数屈服。这是彼此矛盾的。而到现在它们同时存在，它们必须要妥协，只有当政府富有，民众无忧无虑，这种情况才有可能。如果不妥协，政府将会失去功能。 这种矛盾解释了一种现象：一、民主通常在发达国家施行的好些，而在发展中国家要差些。二、民主（和人权）没有施行。因此，绝对的民主和绝对的人权不普遍，因为它们需要特定的情况来共存。 （2）我们人类是地球上最聪明的人，但西方把民主和人权看得太简单，西方简单地把人类社会分为3部分：人民，政府和权力。这是很荒谬的，你甚至不能这样说一个黑猩猩组成的社会。最大的问题是，它完全无视民众的差异：富人和穷人，勤奋的人和懒惰的人，良民和罪犯等等。在这种理解下，权力来自民众被严重误解。 如果我们把权力分为四种，管理自然资源，管理资本，管理信息和管理个人，把人民分为以下几种：政府，富人，穷人和记者，勤奋的人，罪犯，寄生虫。我想我不用多数，你能看出来，权力来自民众的口号是不折不扣的无意义的。 （3）绝对民主和绝对人权是反科学的。 在一个有限资源的国度，科学的管理是重要的。但是，科学是在少部分人手里的，否则多数人就成为科学家了。因此，绝对的民主无疑会阻挡政府作出科学决策。尽管政府作出科学决策，人权的原则会阻碍计划的顺利实施。 最重要的例子是，多数民主国家是负债的，而且这还是连续发展了二十年。是否民主国家的政策制定者比中国领导人蠢呢，显然不是。 在印度，人们抱怨政府没有长期计划，印度人比中国人蠢吗？我认为不是。美国宇航局约十分之一的工程师是印度人，印度人在美国也很成功。但是，当每个“积极分子”有权对计划发表看法，科学的决策是不可能的。 （4）绝对的自由是反人类的。 在社会，当一个群体需要的帮助越多，它的力量就越小；而当一群人他们需要的帮助越少，他们的力量就越大。 绝对的自由，在真实的世界中，意味着人可以得到他可以尽可能多的得到的他想要的。结果是可怕的，这就意味着，你需要的帮助越多，你得到帮助的计划就越少，最需要帮助的人往往最少得到帮助。 最后，我重复一下我的观点，对于人类，没有完美的定义，没有完美的政治体制，我们必须要承认这一点。对于每一个理论，每一个体制，我们必须接受它的缺陷而前进。 我们需要的是，中庸，而不是完美。 【原文】 If you check the definition of 阴阳 in Wikipedia, you will see the following : “In Chinese philosophy, the concept of yin yang (simplified Chinese: 阴阳; traditional Chinese: 陰陽; pinyin: yīnyáng) is normally referred to in the West as “yin and yang” and is used to describe how polar or seemingly contrary forces are interconnected and interdependent in the natural world, and how they give rise to each other in turn.” And “Yin yang are complementary opposites that interact within a greater whole, as part of a dynamic system.” Is this the way how Chinese understand 阴阳 ? I beg to differ. Westernerss consider 阴阳 as TWO opposite forces and can not be compromised, as you can see the words “polar” and “contrary” are used to describe 阴阳. I don’t think that is the way how chinese interpret 阴阳, Chinese consider 阴阳 as complementary to each other as you can see from the circular symbol of 阴阳, or ONE subject with two sides. If we apply western understanding to human society, it is either 0 vs 1, right vs wrong, authoritarian vs democracy. If we apply chinese understanding to human society, there is no clear right or wrong, and most importantly, it means that IF YOU WANT THE GOOD PART, YOU MUST ACCEPT THE BAD PART, as they are complementary to each other, they are together, you simply cant separate them. For example, if you own an apartment, you want to sell it and buy a new house, which one do you want, good housing market or bad housing market ? The answer is : bad housing market, because the house price is usually more expensive than apartment. So to get cheaper price for new house, you have to accept that your apartment will not be sold at the price you like. These two deals come together. What I was amazed is that If we apply the Chinese understanding to our human society, especially the political system, lot of things become so obvious,
First the authoritarian system: The Yang part is obvious (though west media refuses to accept it) : having a look of industrial process of Taiwan, South Korea, Indonesia and now China). In my opinion, in such system, IF government’s priority is improving people’s lives, such system allows government to make plan scientifically and carry out the plans with little distraction, which is usually good for the country and vast majority of people. The Ying part, COMING WITH THE YANG PART, is that (1) once government have great power, there is no guarantee that the government will work for people, even now Chinese government has worked for people for 30 years, that still doesn’t guarantee that in the future, it will work for people. (2) In my opinion, as government manages everything, it suppresses innovations, Bill Gates would not be Bill Gates, Michael Jackson would not be Michael Jackson, if they were in China. ****************************************** (3) The issue of legitimacy. Now the democracy, I will consider “democracy, human right and freedom” as one theory to see its Yin and Yang. The Yang part is very clear, as long as you can see the Ying part of authoritarian system. Let me focus on the Ying part, as I don’t think any westerners ever seriously think of it : (1)The coexistence of absolute democracy and absolute human right is a paradox. Democracy, simply speaking, is major rule, minority must respect the decisions of majority. Human right means that minority don’t have to be submissive to majority. They contradict to each other. So for them to coexist, there must be compromises, that is almost impossible unless the people are worry-free and government is rich. If there is no compromise, government will fail to “deliver”. So this paradox explain to phenomena : one, democracy usually carry out much better in developed countries than in developing country; two, democracy (and human right) doesn’t deliver. Therefore ABSOLUTE democracy and ABSOLUTE human right are NOT universal, as they need certain condition to coexist.
(2)We, human being are the most intelligent livings on earth, but the (western) understanding of democracy and human right oversimplify human society, it basically describe human society with only 3 variables : people, government and power. That is ridiculous, you cant even clearly describe a society of chimpanzees with only 3 variables.
The big problem for this is that it completely dismisses the difference among people : the rich vs the poor, the hard working people vs lazy bones, the good citizens and criminals, etc. With such understanding, “Power to the people” is utterly misleading. If we divide power into 4 categories : Controlling nature resource, controlling capital, controlling information, controlling individuals ; and we divide people into the following categories : government, the rich, the media and journalists, the hard working people, the criminals, the parasites who want to live on others. I don’t think I have to say much, you can see that with the oversimplified understanding, the slogan “Power to the people” is in the vicinity of nonsense.
(3)Absolute democracy and absolute human right are against science.
In a country with limited resources, scientific management is crucial. But, science is in the hands of very few people, otherwise most people would becomes scientists. So absolute democracy almost surely will prevent government making plan scientifically; even government does make plans scientifically, the principle of human right will prevent the plans carried out as planed. The most significant example is that almost all the democratic countries are in debt, and this is after 2 decades of development. Were the policy-makes in democratic countries more stupid than those in China ? obviously not. In India, people complain that government has no long term plans, Are Indian more stupid than Chinese ? I don’t think so. Nearly 10% of NASA engineers are Indians, and their success in US is obvious. But when every “activist” has a say on planning, scientifically planning is impossible. (4) Absolute freedom is against humanity. In a society, usually, the more help a group of people need, the less power they have; the less help a group of people need, the more power they have. Absolute freedom, in real world, means that people can get as much as they want, with their power. The result is terrible, as it means that the more you need help, the later you will get help, and the the people who need help most are the last ones who get help. ***************************************************** At the end, let me repeat my major point : there is no perfect understanding of human being, there is no perfect political system, we have to admit it. For each theory, for each system, we MUST ACCEPT ITS FLAWS to move forward. IT IS THE BALANCE WE NEED TO FOCUS ON, NOT THE PERFECTNESS. | 
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发表于 2011-6-30 10:40
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发表于 2011-6-30 11:10
