【彭博社110929】中国发射太空空间站缩短与美国距离

lilyma06

【中文标题】中国发射空间实验室缩短了美国依赖俄罗斯火箭的距离

【原文标题】China’s Space Lab Launch Closes Gap With U.S. Dependent on Russian Rockets

【登载媒体】彭博社

【来源地址】http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-29/chinese-launch-of-space-lab-module-aims-to-close-technology-gap-with-u-s-.html

【译    者】草丛翠       lilyma06   

【翻译方式】人工

【声    明】本翻译供Anti-CNN使用，未经AC或译者许可，不得转载。

【译    文】

China plans to launch its first space laboratory module later today in a step toward a manned station orbiting Earth, two months after the final shuttle mission halted the U.S.’s ability to put people into orbit.
中国计划将于今天晚些时候发射其首个空间实验室，这意味着它向环地球轨道载人空间站又迈进了一步。而这距美国刚刚终止的最后一次轨道载人航空任务仅两个月。

The Tiangong-1 is due to take off around 9 p.m. local time tonight, according to China’s space agency. The liftoff is part of a program that aims to put a man on the moon by 2020 and, together with high-speed trains, the Beijing Olympics and the world’s biggest nuclear-power expansion, serves as a marker for the nation’s emergence as a global power.
根据中国的空间计划表，天宫一号将于当地时间今晚9点左右发射，这次发射行动只是2020年登月计划的一个组成部分，加上高铁、北京奥运会以及世界最大的核动力扩张，都无不标志着中国作为世界强国的崛起。

“China sees space as one of the things that will confirm ‘we’re now on a par with Western countries, we’ve entered the club,’” said James Lewis, a senior fellow at the Center for International and Strategic Studies in Washington who specializes in technology and security. “It’s prestige, it’s catching up with the West and it’s exploring ways to overcome the U.S. information advantage.”
“中国认为其太空事业的进步已经使他们与西方国家站到了同一个水平线，他们已经进入了这个圈子”，华盛顿国际战略研究中心的一位专于技术和安全问题的高级官员詹姆斯•路易斯说。 “这是令人佩服的，中国正在追赶西方并在超越美国信息优势方面不断探索着”。

Today’s launch will cement the country’s lead over emerging nations such as India, Iran and South Korea that are pumping money into matching rocket and docking technology pioneered by the Soviet Union and U.S. five decades ago. As China expands, the U.S. is scaling back on routine manned missions: President Barack Obama last year scrapped plans to return to the moon, setting a goal instead of making a “leap into the future” of deep-space travel.
今天的发射行动将加强中国对几个新兴国家诸如印度、伊朗、韩国的引领地位，这些国家都正在不断地为火箭竞赛及对接技术进行资金投入，而苏联和美国早在50年前就已经在这方面取得了领先地位。相比中国的发展，美国正在缩减常规的载人航天任务：去年奥巴马总统在就放弃了重返月球的计划，制定了取代所谓“迈向未来”的深空旅行的新目标。

The U.S. move away from “chokingly expensive” manned flight is a more sustainable model, said Joan Johnson-Freese, a professor at the U.S. Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. Still, with the shuttle grounded, the U.S. is reliant on Russia to fly astronauts to the International Space Station until commercial operators can fill the gap.
罗德岛纽波特美国海军战争学院的教授琼•约翰逊-弗里泽认为美国放弃昂贵的载人飞行是个非常有助于可持续发展的范例。然而由于航天飞机的停飞，在有商业公司填补空白之前美国只能依赖俄国运送航天员到国际空间站了。

Lost Leadership
“It would not be good for China to move forward in the 2020’s with a manned lunar program and eventually be ferrying individuals to and from the lunar surface with the U.S. program grounded,” she said in a e-mailed response to questions. “Ceding human spaceflight to the Chinese over the long term would have significant strategic leadership implications.”
失去领先地位
在美国已经停止计划的情况下，中国于2020年推进载人登月项目并最终实现从月球表面运送航天员并不是件好事，她在回复一封邮件时说道，“叫停载人空间飞行对中国提高其领导地位有着长期的重大意义”。

China, which made its first successful manned flight in 2003 aboard the Shenzhou spacecraft, plans to put a capsule on the moon in 2013 and have the technology for a manned mission in 2020, Xu Shijie, a member of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference said on March 3 in Beijing. The country plans to launch its own orbital station in about 2020.
中国政协委员徐世杰3月3号在北京说，2003年中国已经首次实现神州飞船的载人航天飞行，2013年将计划在月球投放太空舱并将在2020年掌握载人登月技术。

The module to be launched today will be used to practice docking techniques needed before moving to the next phase of building a station, according to the website of China Manned Space Engineering, the country’s space agency.
国家航天局中国载人航天工程网站报道，今天发射的目标飞行器将被用于下阶段建设空间站之前需要的对接技术。
Military Shadow
While China’s achievements are lauded at home, a lack of transparency over budgets and possible military applications of space technology have raised concerns overseas. CMSE is led by Chang Wanguan, a member of China’s top military body, the Central Military Commission.
“There’s no separation between their ostensibly civilian program and their military program,” said Dean Cheng, a research fellow on Chinese security at the Heritage Foundation, a Washington think tank that describes its mission as designing and promoting conservative public policies.
The Chinese government is “convinced this is the next phase of major competition,” said Huang Jing, a professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore. China believes “whoever dominates in outer space will dominate in military warfare.”
军事阴影
尽管中国的成就在国内广为称颂，缺乏透明的预算以及可能的空间技术的军事应用在海外引起了很多担忧。中国载人航天工程是由中国的最高军事机构中央军委委员张万贯领导。
传统基金会中国安全研究员程说：”他们表面上的平民计划与他们的军事计划之间没有区别。”该基金会是华盛顿智囊团，介绍了其设计和促进保守公共政策的使命。
中国政府是“下一阶段的主要竞争对手，”新加坡国立大学李光耀公共政策学院的教授黄静说，”中国知道，谁在外层空间占领了主导地位，才能主宰军事战争。”

Benefit for All
The government’s intentions are entirely peaceful, Foreign Ministry spokesman Hong Lei told reporters in Beijing today. The country aims “to contribute to peaceful utilization of space for the benefit of all human kind,” he said.
The more that can be done to increase the civilian component of China’s space program the better, Mark Stokes, executive director of the Arlington, Virginia-based Project 2049 Institute, said by telephone. The U.S. should find ways to cooperate without aiding the military side and is capable of parsing the two, he said.
Space “is a metric of national power,” said Stokes, whose organization focuses on policies promoting security in Asia, according to its website. “If this would make China feel better about itself, if it gives it more confidence, gives it more security, gives it more pride, it’s better than some other ways of doing that.”
The U.S. government aims to encourage responsible behavior in space, Gregory Schulte, deputy assistant secretary of defense for space policy, told lawmakers in May. “Space is ‘‘increasingly congested, contested and competitive,’’ he said, according to a transcript of the hearing. ‘‘A more cooperative, predictable environment enhances our national security and discourages destabling behavior.’’
对所有人有益
中国政府的意图完全用于和平目的。今天北京外交部发言人洪磊告诉记者，中国的目的是“为了全人类的利益促进和平利用太空空间。”他说。
马克•斯托克斯，弗吉尼亚州阿灵顿的2049项目研究所执行董事在电话中说道，越能提高中国的太空计划的平民组成越好，美国应想方设法在不提供军事方面帮助情况下合作，并能够解析两者，他说。
空间“是一个国家实力的度量”斯托克斯说，根据网站介绍其组织侧重于促进亚洲地区的安全政策。“如果这能使中国自我感觉更好，如果能赋予它更多自信、安全感、骄傲感，那就比其他任何方式都更好。”
美国政府旨在鼓励在空间中负责任的行为，空间政策国防部长副助理舒尔特（Gregory Schulte）5月告诉立法者。“空间”越来越拥挤，有争议的、竞争越激烈，他说，根据听证会的记录。“一个合作更密切、可预见的环境增强了我们的国家安全，和阻止去稳行为。”

Space Shower
China in 2007 blew up one of its own satellites in a test of its ability to disrupt global communications networks. The explosion spread thousands of pieces of debris in what the European Space Agency described as ‘‘by far the worst break-up event in space history.’’ The impact of a 10-centimeter fragment of debris on a spacecraft or station ‘‘will most likely entail a catastrophic disintegration of the target,’’ according to the agency’s website.
The U.S. Navy in 2008 used a Raytheon Co. SM-3 missile to destroy a malfunctioning spy satellite that was headed for earth loaded with toxic chemicals. The strike was timed to ensure debris burned up on re-entry.
The challenge for the U.S. isn’t just getting China to agree to rules. Dozens of countries claim space programs, though some -- like North Korea and Iran -- use that as a cover for missile development, Lewis said.
‘‘Governments need to begin discussing space security more directly,” James Clay Moltz, who teaches at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey and is author of the forthcoming book “Asia’s Space Race,” wrote in an e-mailed response to questions. “A shooting war in space is in no one’s interest. We need to start talking about conflict prevention, keep-out zones, and stronger norms against destructive activities.”
空间阵雨
2007年中国将一颗自有卫星爆炸以测试其破坏全球通信网络的能力。无数的爆炸碎片散落，欧洲航天局将其描述为“迄今太空历史上最糟糕的爆炸事件”。长约10厘米的碎片对飞船或空间站的影响”最有可能造成灾难性目标解体”，根据该机构的网站上报道。
美国海军在2008年用雷声公司的SM - 3导弹摧毁一个出故障的间谍卫星，这架卫星上装着有毒化学品正冲向地球。这次摧毁行动是计时的以确保碎片重新返回完全烧尽。
美国面临的挑战不只是让中国接受规则。几十个国家要求太空计划，尽管一些像朝鲜和伊朗 的国家将太空计划作为发展导弹的掩护，刘易斯说。
“政府需要更直接地讨论空间安全，”詹姆士（James Clay Moltz）在蒙特雷的海军研究生院教课，他是即将出版的新书《亚洲的太空竞赛》的作者，他在一封电子邮件中答道，“在太空拍摄的战争对任何人都没有太多利益。我们需要开始谈论预防冲突，严禁区，以及对破坏活动更严密的规范。”

lyycc

老生常谈了，西方只要一谈到中国航天，马上就会跑题到军事透明度问题上~