本帖最后由 lilyma06 于 2011-11-30 17:14 编辑
【中文标题】中国将美国学术限制在课堂上 【原文标题】China Halts U.S. Academic Freedom at Class Door 【来源地址】http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-11-28/china-halts-u-s-college-freedom-at-class-door.html
【译 者】EchoVan 红枣柚子茶 【翻译方式】人工 【声 明】欢迎转载，请务必注明译者和出处 bbs.m4.cn。
In the 25 years Johns HopkinsUniversity and Nanjing University have run a joint campus inChina, it’s never published an academic journal. When American student Brendon Stewart tried last year, he found out why. 约翰霍布金斯大学和南京大学在中国联合办学已有25年历史，却从来没出版过一份学术刊物。当美国学生Brendon Stewart去年尝试这么做的时候，他发现了原因。
Intended to showcase the best work by Chinese and American students and faculty to a far-flung audience, Stewart’s journal broke the Hopkins-Nanjing Center’s rules that confine academic freedom to the classroom. Administrators prevented the journal from circulating outside campus, and a student was pressured to withdraw an article about Chinese protest movements. About 75copies sat in a box in Stewart’s dorm room for a year. Stewart想展示中美两国学生和教职员的最佳作品，结果却违法了霍布金斯-南京分校的一条校规，该校规将学术自由仅仅限制在课堂范围内。学校管理层不允许这份刊物在校外发行，还有一名学生被迫撤掉了他关于中国反抗运动的文章。75份该刊物在Stewart的宿舍纸箱里呆了一年。
“You think you’re going to a place that has academicfreedom, and maybe in theory you do, but in reality you don’t,”said Stewart, 27, who earned a master’s degree in internationalstudies this year from Hopkins-Nanjing and now works for an accounting firm in Beijing. “The place is run by Chinese administrators, and I don’t think the U.S. side had a lot of bargaining power to protect the interests of its students. At the end of the day, it’s a campus on Chinese soil.”
“你以为你到了一个有学术自由的地方，或者理论上有学术自由，但事实根本不是这样，”27岁的Stewart说。他于今年取得了霍布金斯-南京分校的国际研究硕士学位，现在在北京一家会计师事务所工作。“学校是中方管理的，我觉得美国方面对于保护学生权益没有多大发言权。毕竟，这是一所中国土地上的学校。”
The muzzling of Stewart’s journal exposes the compromises to academic freedom that some American universities make in China. While professors and students openly discuss sensitive subjects such as the Tibetan independence movement or the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests on the Hopkins-Nanjing campus, they can’t do so in the surrounding community. Even on-campus protections only cover class discussions, not activities typical of U.S. campuses, such as showing documentary films in a student lounge. Stewart的刊物受限，暴露了一些来中国办学的美国大学在学术自由方面做的妥协。在霍布金斯-南京分校，尽管老师和学生能在课堂上公开讨论某些敏感问题，诸如西藏独立运动和1989年的天安门事件，在校外的社区就不行了。即使是校园内的抗议活动也仅仅涉及课堂讨论问题，而不像典型的美国大学中的活动，例如在学生活动室放映纪录片。 Price for Expansion The Hopkins-Nanjing Center is a model for a growing number of U.S. colleges, including Duke University and New York University, which are establishing footholds in China. As the newcomers take advantage of multimillion-dollar subsidies from China, they may jeopardize the intellectual give-and-take that characterizes American higher education, said June TeufelDreyer, a University of Miami political science professor and China specialist. 扩张的代价 霍布金斯-南京分校是许多到中国创办分校的美国大学中的典型，其他的大学还包括杜克大学，纽约大学等。当新来的美国大学享受了中国上百万的补贴时，他们也可能伤害到学术上互谅互让的原则，而这正是美国高等教育的特色，June Teufel Dreyer说道。TeufelDreyer是迈阿密大学一名政治学教授和中国问题专家。
“In their enthusiasm to be part of the Chinese educational picture, American universities may be ceding some measure of their independence to avoid offending the government,” Dreyer said. “在争先加入中国教育事业时，美国高校也许会放弃一定程度的自主性来避免激怒政府。”Dreyer说。
The Hopkins-Nanjing Center has achieved its goal of being a “safe place” where Chinese and American students can debate controversial aspects of both societies, Johns Hopkins President Ronald Daniels said in a telephone interview. 霍布金斯-南京分校校长，Ronald Daniels在电话采访中说，分校已达到了它的目标，成为了中美学生可以自由争论两国社会中敏感问题的“安全之地”。
“Is it what we would desire for every project, every center we’re involved in?” Daniels asked. “The answer is no. We would hope over time that the scope for discussion can extend beyond the center.” “但这是我们在参与的每个项目，每个分校中都想达到的目标吗？”Daniel 问道，“答案是否定的。我们希望经过一段时间，讨论的自由可以扩展到校外。” Academic Freedom Academic freedom “gives both students and faculty the right to express their views -- in speech, writing and through electronic communication, both on and off campus -- without fear of sanction,” Cary Nelson, president of the AmericanAssociation of University Professors, wrote in a 2010 essay.
学术自由，赋予了学生们和全体教职员权力去表达他们的观点。无论是通过演讲，写作或者是网络上的交流，无论他们是在校内或者校外，他们的作为都是受到认可的。Cary Nelson,美国大学教授协会主席在2010发表的论文中写道。
Limits on academic freedom are one reason StanfordUniversity and Columbia University haven’t opened campuses inChina. Columbia has a study center in Beijing, while Stanford plans to open one on the campus of Peking University next year.Such centers, which provide offices for visiting professors and host lectures and fundraisers, are easily exited, ColumbiaPresident Lee Bollinger said.
学术自由被限制是一个原因。迄今为止，斯坦福和哥伦比亚大学都没有对中国开放校园。哥伦比亚在北京有一个学习中心，与此同时斯坦福的计划是下一年在北京大学开办。这些学习中心提供拜访教授的机会，也举办演讲和筹款活动，但它们是很容易退出校园的，哥伦比亚主席Lee Bollinger说。
“The one thing we have to do is maintain our academic integrity, our academic independence,” Bollinger said. “There are too many examples of a strict and stern control that lead you to think that this is kind of an explosive mix.”
No Guarantee Stanford President John Hennessy said its center has no protection of academic freedom and other schools’ agreements don’t guarantee rights taken for granted in the U.S.
“Even the ones you get are so scripted as to not be freedom as we imagine it in this country,” Hennessy said. 没有保证 斯坦福大学校长John Hennessy说，本校的分校没有得到学术自由的保护，而且其他学校达成的协议并不能保证他们能得到在美国是理所应当得到权益。 “即使是你能得到的权益，也有很多限制，结果是根本不像我们想象的那种自由。”Hennessy说。
At least a dozen private and public U.S. colleges either have or are planning campuses in China. They are part of American colleges’ increasing and lucrative involvement with China. About 57,000 Chinese undergraduates, most paying full tuition, attended U.S. colleges in 2010-2011, six times as many as in 2005-06. A Chinese government affiliate has contributed millions of dollars to establish Confucius Institutes for Chinese language and culture on 75 American campuses. 至少有十二所公立和私立的美国高校在中国设有或正计划开设分校。它们是美国高校大举进入中国，大举获得收益的一部分。2010-2011学年，大约5万7千中国本科生，其中大部分是全自费的，在美国高校上学，这大约是2005-2006学年的6倍。一个中国政府的附属部门投入了上百万美元，在美国的75所高校创办孔子学院，教授中文和中国文化。 China’s government encourages cooperation between Chinese and foreign universities. China is seeking “more substantive, productive and enduring partnerships,” Liu Yanshen, a Ministry of Education official, said in an October speech in New York. 中国政府鼓励中方和外国学校的合作。中国正在寻求“更实质性，建设性，长久性的伙伴关系”，刘闫申（音译），一名中国教育部官员，在纽约十月的一次讲话中说。 NYU to ShanghaiNYU plans to open a liberal arts campus in 2013 in Shanghai, where the municipal government, along with tuition and philanthropy, will cover the expense, President John Sexton said in an interview. 纽约大学来上海 纽约大学校长John Sexton在一次采访中说，纽约大学计划2013年在上海开办一所人文学院，办学开支由自上海市政府，学生学费和慈善捐助提供。 Students and faculty at the new campus shouldn’t assume they can criticize government leaders or policies without repercussions, Sexton said in his office in Manhattan’s Washington Square. “I have no trouble distinguishing between rights of academic freedom and rights of political expression,” he said. “These are two different things.” 学生和教员们不能以为他们可以无所顾忌的批评政府领导和国家政策，Sexton在曼哈顿华盛顿广场的办公室里说。 “我能很好的区分学术自由的权利和政治表达的权利，”他说，“这是两回事。” The city of Kunshan, 40 miles west of Shanghai, is spending an estimated $260 million to build a new university jointly run by Duke and Wuhan University. Duke’s share of planning and operating expenses is expected to be $43 million over six years. 上海以西40英里的昆山市，正在兴建一所由杜克大学和武汉大学联合办学的学校，预计投资2亿6千万美元。杜克分摊的筹划和运行费用在六年内计划达到4千3百万美元。 Duke Conversations Duke administrators have had “pretty good conversations with people at Hopkins” and would be comfortable drawing similar distinctions between “intra-campus discussion and what you do at large,” President Richard Brodhead said. 杜克大学的对话 杜克大学管理方跟“霍布金斯大学方面人士有过出色的谈话”，也会很自然地区分开“校园内讨论和在更大层面做的事”，校长Richard Brodhead说。
“We know China does not observe the same norms of First Amendment rights that we’re used to in this country,” Brodhead said in his office in Durham, North Carolina. “If you want to engage in China, you have to acknowledge that fact.” “我们知道，中国不会遵守我们在美国熟悉的第一修正案那样的准则（译注：美国宪法第一修正案是关于言论自由的）”，Broadhead在他北卡罗莱纳州杜勒姆的办公室说道。“如果你想要在中国做事情，你首先要承认这一点。”
U.S. universities also encounter challenges to academic freedom in the Middle East. The University of Connecticuts crapped plans in 2007 to expand to Dubai amid criticism of the Emirate’s Israel policies. NYU last year opened an Abu Dhabi campus, which enjoys the same academic freedom as the Washington Square campus, according to the university’s web site. 美国大学在中东同样也遇到了学术自由方面的挑战。因为酋长国以色列政策的困扰，康尼狄格大学在2007年放弃了在迪拜开办分校的计划。去年纽约大学在阿布扎比开办了分校，据该校网站称，该校与其位于华盛顿广场的校区享有同样的学术自由。
The Hopkins-Nanjing Center occupies a 10-story tower of brick and glass within a gated compound on the northwest corner of the Nanjing University campus. “They probably have the strictest security on campus,” said Man Fang, 24, a Nanjing University student.
霍布金斯-南京分校位于南京大学校区的西北角一座有门和围墙隔开的大院内，占据一座十层的建筑。“他们可能是校园内安保最严密的地方了。”一名南京大学学生，24岁的马芳（音译）说。 The center, which grants one-year certificates and two-year master’s degrees, has 164 students. Half of them are Chinese, and most of the rest are American. Chinese students take courses in English and international students in Mandarin. 这个学校有164名学生，授予一年制学位证书和两年制说是证书。一半的学生是中国人，剩下大部分是学英文的美籍中国学生以及学中文的国际留学生。 Understanding U.S. administrators try to anticipate the needs of their Chinese counterparts. “If you want understanding, you don’t constantly antagonize people,” said Carolyn Townsley, director of the center’s Washington support office.
Tuition covers most of the center’s cost, President Daniels said. The center charges international students $22,000 for a certificate and $36,000 a year for a master’s, plus housing. Nanjing University paid two-thirds of a $25 million-plus physical expansion completed in August 2006, said Robert Daly, co-director from 2001-2007.
理解 美国校方试图预计中方管理者的需要。“如果你想要理解，你就不能总是站在别人对立面上”， Carolyn Townsley说，他是南京分校的华盛顿支持办公室主任。 校长Daniel说，学校的大部分经费来源于学费。在该分校，国际学生获得本科学位要2万2千美元，硕士每年要3万6千美元，都包括住宿。南京大学承担了一项价值2500万美元的扩建项目的2/3，该项目已在2006年8月完成，Robert Daly说，他也是该校2001-2007年的主任。 The Hopkins-Nanjing Center opened in 1986 as the first campus jointly run by U.S. and Chinese universities. Hopkins insisted the center should safeguard academic freedom in the classroom, with a library giving students access to the same materials as in the U.S., said George Packard, former dean of Hopkins’ School of Advanced International Studies in Washington, who helped negotiate the deal. 霍布金斯-南京分校1986年建校时，是中美合办的第一所大学。霍布金斯大学方面坚持分校要捍卫课堂上的学术自由，同时要保证学生在图书馆能接触到在跟美国一样资料，George Packard说。George Packard是霍布金斯大学华盛顿校区高级国际研究学院的前院长，也帮助促成了设立分校的谈判。 Campus as Sanctuary The most recent written version of the agreement, from2005, formalizes the concept of the campus as a sanctuary:
“Within the HNC, no student, faculty member, research fellow, administrator, or visitor will be restricted in formal or casual speech, writing, access to research materials, or selection of research, lecture, or presentation topics.” 学校成为“庇护所” 从2005年以来，最新的文字版协议中，将南京分校作为“庇护所”的理念制度化了： “在霍布金斯-南京分校内，所有的学生、教员、研究员、行政人员和访客可以不受限制地发表正式或非正式的讲话、书面文章，获取研究材料，选择研究方向，讲课内容和报告主题。”
This approach precluded publications circulating outside the center, Daly said. “To have a voice reflective of the center would be to push the freedoms outside,” he said.
While necessary to establish the center, the restrictions on speech outside the classroom were “unreasonable, and we don’t believe in them,” Packard said. Daly说，这一规定防止了刊物在校外的发行。“拥有一个能反映分校思想的声音等于是把学术自由推向了校外。”他说。
Jason Patent, the American co-director, tells American students at an orientation briefing that they can’t expect the same levels of freedom as in the U.S., he said in an interview.
“‘The U.S. Constitution does not follow you here,’” he reminds them. Jason Patent，分校的美方校长，在采访中说，他曾在在简要情况介绍会上告诉美国学生，他们不能指望在这享有跟美国同等程度的学术自由。 “‘美国宪法在这里是不适用的。’”他提醒学生说。
American students at Hopkins-Nanjing said they discuss sensitive subjects in class -- and recognize the hazards of doing so outside it. “It’s been very interesting to engage with the professors on topics that are somewhat taboo in China,” said Daniel Stein, 26, from New York. 霍布金斯-南京分校的美国学生说，他们在课堂上讨论敏感话题——但是他们也清楚在校外这样做是有风险的。“跟教授谈论一些在中国是禁忌的话题很吸引人。”26岁来自纽约的Daniel Stein说。 Protected Space’ Brendon Stewart learned how the “protected space” agreement works in practice. A native of Albuquerque, New Mexico, he enrolled at Hopkins-Nanjing after a stint in the Peace Corps in Lanzhou, China.
Stewart began his journal late in 2009 to inject some vitality into a torpid campus, he said. The bilingual journal would show off the center’s finest scholarship in Chinese history and politics and would be sent to donors and prospective students.
“If you want to start a journal at an American university, you just start it,” Stewart said. “We thought we were adding value. We were like, ‘How does this not exist?’”
Encouraged by Jan Kiely, then American co-director of the center, Stewart began soliciting articles from students and faculty, aiming for equal Chinese and U.S. representation. “I didn’t foresee the way it was to become a problem,” Kiely said. “被保护”之地 Brendon Stewart弄明白了“保护地”条约究竟是怎么实施的。Stewart是新墨西哥州阿尔布开克市人，在来到霍布金斯-南京分校前，曾在兰州的美国和平队（译注：一个美国的志愿者组织）工作过一段时间。 Stewart在2009年年末开始创办他的学术期刊，当时是想给沉闷的校园注入些活力。这份双语的期刊将呈现分校在中国历史和政治领域最高的学术成就，并将呈给资助者和有意来就读的学生。 “在美国，如果你想创办一个刊物，你只要做就行了，”Stewart说。“我们以为我们是在为学校做贡献。我们当时想着，‘一个学校怎么能没有学术刊物呢？’” 在Jan Kiely, 分校当时的美方校长的鼓励下，Stewart开始从学生和教员那里收集文章，意欲在刊物中平均地体现中美方人员的供稿。“我没预料到这份刊物会惹上麻烦。”Kiely说。 No Center Funds Still, he and Chinese administrators rejected Stewart’s request for 3,000 yuan ($470) to print the journal. The center rarely funds student projects, Kiely said. On Kiely’s advice, Stewart asked HNC alumni for donations, and he received an anonymous gift from an American alumnus in China.
Shortly before the journal was to be published, Mitchell Lazerus, an American student, posted a one-page essay denouncing the Communist party on a white board outside the cafeteria. The essay soured the atmosphere at the center, Stewart said. Lazerus did not respond to e-mails.
Days later, a Chinese professor withdrew an article he had submitted about the financial crisis.
Stewart then heard a rumor that all the Chinese students with articles in the journal wanted them removed because they were afraid it would reflect Lazerus’s political views. To reassure them, Stewart showed them the galleys校样. 分校不提供资金 然而，Kiely和中方管理者还是拒绝向Stewart提供印刷刊物所需的3000人民币（470美元）。Kiely说，分校很少会资助学生办的活动。在Kiely的建议下，Stewart向分校的教员寻求资助，并收到了一个在中国的美籍教员的匿名资助。 就在刊物快要付梓印刷时，一个名叫Mitchell Lazerus的美国学生，在学生餐厅的公告栏贴了一篇抨击共产党的文章。这篇文章立刻使学校的气氛变得紧张起来，Stewart说。这名叫Lazerus的学生也不回邮件。 几天后，一名中国教授撤回了他的一篇关于经济危机的文章。 Stewart后来又听到传言说，在刊物供稿的中国学生都想把他们的稿件撤下，因为怕被怀疑他们赞同Lazerus的观点。为了让他们放心，Stewart给他们看了期刊的校样。 Powers That Be “The word came back that they were all very sorry because they saw how hard we worked, but the powers that be wouldn’t allow them to participate,” said Stewart.
Most of the Chinese students involved in editing and layout asked Stewart to remove their names. He complied.
Chinese authorities at Hopkins-Nanjing were worried that a student-produced journal would draw unwanted attention to the center’s special protected status, Kiely said. Huang Chengfeng, the Chinese co-director of the Hopkins-Nanjing Center, declined an interview request.
One Chinese student author said that a dean from NanjingUniversity unaffiliated with the Hopkins-Nanjing Center prevailed on him to withdraw his article, which argued that the Communist regime gains from grassroots protests because they root out local corruption without challenging the party’s power.
The Chinese dean suggested that removing the article would be in the student’s best interest. “I did not expect that it would turn out to be such a mess,” said the student, who asked that his name not be used because he is concerned about repercussions from Chinese officials. “I didn’t expect such a rigid monitoring over students’ behavior.” 当权的 “学生那边传来消息说，他们很抱歉，他们也知道我们为这份刊物做了很多努力，但是当权的不允许他们参与到这份刊物，”Stewart说。 大多数参与了编辑和排版的中国学生都要求Stewart去掉他们的名字。Stewart同意了。 霍布金斯-南京分校的中方代表担心学生办的刊物会引起外界关注分校的特殊的“受保护”地位，而这是他们不希望看到的，Kiely说。黄成锋（音译），分校的中方校长，拒绝了采访。 一个供稿的中国学生说，南京大学一个非分校的院长要求他一定要撤回他的文章。文章论证了共产党政权从底层人民的抗议中获益，因为这种抗议铲除了当地的腐败，又不会危及党的执政。 这位中国的院长说，撤下这篇文章是对学生最有益的。“我没想到这会惹到这么大的麻烦，”这名学生说。他要求刊物里不要出现他的名字，因为他害怕中方官员对他制裁。“我没想到对学生的行动会有这么严格的控制。” A Very Difficult Position’ Kiely held a forum to clear the air. He told students academic freedom “doesn’t include being able to put Chinese students and professors in a very difficult position in their own country,” he said.
Administrators told Stewart that he could publish his journal if he submitted it for their review and limited circulation to students and center personnel, he said. They removed the word “center” from the journal’s title so that it didn’t appear to be an official publication, he said.
Many of the 300 printed copies were never distributed, Stewart said. “I learned some incredible lessons about how the system works,” he said. “I got a lot more cynical.”
The journal “wasn’t part of our academic program,” Kiely said. “It was intellectual activity and carried out in that spirit, but it was not part of the program, and that’s where we drew the line.”
Stewart’s journal was placed in the center’s library, Hopkins President Daniels said. The on-campus access “respects the boundaries that we have to operate in,” he said. 尴尬境地 Kiely举办了一个讨论会来澄清疑问。他告诉学生，学术自由“并不意味着可以使中方学生和教授在他们自己的国度陷入尴尬境地。” 他说，当局者告诉Stewart，他可以出版刊物，条件是要递交他们审核，并且仅限于在学生和教员间发行。他还说，他们去掉了刊物名称中“分校”的字样，使它显得不像是正规刊物。 Stewart说，印刷的300份中，很多都没有发出去。“关于这套机制的运行，我学到了一些想都想不到的事。”他说，“我变得比以前愤世嫉俗多了。” 这份刊物“不是我们科研项目的一部分，”Kiely说，“这是学术活动，也是以这个精神来创办的，但不是我们项目的一部分，这是我们要坚持的原则。” Stewart的刊物被放置在校图书馆，霍布金斯学校校长Daniel说。在校园内才可以阅读“尊重了那些底线，这样才能保证我们运行，”他说。 Conflicted Values The squelching镇压 was the “most obvious incident” where the center’s stated values conflicted with reality, said Adam Webb, a professor of international politics at Hopkins-Nanjing and a contributor to the journal.
Administrators also intervened on the eve of the 20th anniversary of Tiananmen Square in 2009, when students discussed the uprisings in an online Google group. One American student, who asked not to be named, offered to screen a 1995 Chinese-language documentary about the protests, “The Gate of Heavenly Peace,” which he had saved on his laptop.
“Everyone was debating about this and I said, ‘How about we set up a time to watch the documentary and have a discussion?’” the student said. 冲突的价值观 刊物的受限最鲜明的反应了分校标榜的价值观与现实的冲突，Adam Webb说。他是分校的国际政治教授，也是刊物的供稿人之一。 在2009年，天安门事件20周年的前夜，管理层也介入干预了学生在网上Google小组对这一骚乱的讨论。一个要求匿名的美国学生说，他当时提出放映一个1995年版的关于这一事件的中文纪录片，叫《天堂安宁之门（天安门）》，存在他手提电脑上。 “当时大家都在讨论这个问题，于是我说，‘我们找个时间一起看看这部影片然后讨论，怎么样？’”这名学生说。 Film Interrupted About a dozen American and Chinese students and their Chinese guests gathered one Saturday evening in the lounge on the center’s second floor. Once the film began, an American administrator said they couldn’t watch it there. They finished their viewing in the organizer’s dorm room.
Chinese police monitoring the Internet conversation had alerted the center’s Chinese administrators, who contacted their American counterparts, Kiely said.
The Chinese reaction was “heavy handed,” he said. “Something like that of course makes them very nervous.”
电影放映被打断 大约十二名美国和中国学生以及他们的中国客人在周六晚聚集在分校二楼的活动室。电影一开始，就有一名美方管理者告诉他们不能在这放电影。他们在组织者的宿舍看完了剩下的电影。 中国网络警察要分校中方管理层提高警惕，后者联系了分校的美方代表，Kiely说。 中方的反应“很强硬”，他说，“这种事自然会让他们紧张。” It was “inappropriate” to show a video banned in China to an audience that included Chinese visitors unaffiliated with the center, said Felisa Neuringer Klubes, spokeswoman for Hopkins’School of Advanced International Studies. The video is available to faculty, staff and students in the library, she said. China mandates political-study courses in such topics as the ideology of Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping, Daly said. While Hopkins-Nanjing was exempted from this requirement, other joint campuses may have to grapple with it, he said. 向非分校的中国人展示中国的禁片是“不合适的”， Felisa Neuringer Klubes说，她是霍布金斯学校高级国际关系研究学院的发言人。她说，教员，教工和学生都可以在图书馆看到这部影片。 中国将政治学习限制在毛泽东和邓小平思想的领域，Daly说。虽然霍布金斯-南京分校可以免除这一限制，别的联合办学学校还得跟这一规定抗争，他说。 Studying Mao During early discussions with NYU, Chinese officials mentioned a requirement for a Chinese study course, said May Lee, NYU’s associate vice chancellor for Asia. Two British schools fulfill that mandate at their China campuses with standard history courses, she said. NYU would not teach anything it objected to, Sexton said.
Neither Duke nor NYU has an agreement specifying what kinds of speech will be permitted at their campuses.
“We haven’t negotiated in advance about such things,”Duke President Brodhead said. “We’ve made it clear that we have values and principles and if it becomes untenable, we have an exit clause.”
The ministry of education assured Sexton that the university can manage its academic program as it sees fit, he said. “If it gets to a point where we feel that our core and essence is being compromised, we can leave without having jeopardized” the university’s finances or reputation. 学习毛泽东 在与纽约大学的初期对话中，中国官员提到要求学校开设一门中文课，May Lee，纽约大学亚洲区的副校长说。她还说，两所英国大学在中国的分校遵守了这一规定，开设符合标准的历史课。Sexton说，纽约大学不会教授任何与这一规定违背的内容。 杜克大学和纽约大学都没有达成一份细化到校园里什么可以讲什么不能讲的协议。 “我们事先并没有就这种事进行商谈，”杜克大学校长Broadhead说。“我们有我们的价值观和原则，要是这些不能保证，我们有退出条款。” 教育部向Sexton保证，学校可以按照自己的计划开展学术项目。“如果到了我们觉得我们的核心价值和理念都不得不打折扣时，我们可以撤出，而不会损害”学校的经济利益和声望。 Earlier NYU effort Restrictions on academic freedom helped trip up a prior NYU collaboration in China. In 2006, officials at Shanghai Jiao Tong University’s law school asked NYU law professor Jerome A. Cohen to start a joint law center. Cohen has studied China since the 1960s and met leaders such as Zhou Enlai and Deng. After retiring from law practice, he began pushing to reform China’s criminal justice system.
“I may cause you nothing but trouble,” Cohen told JiaoTong administrators.
纽约大学的早期努力 对学术自由的限制使纽约大学早期与中国的一项合作陷入困境。2006年，上海交通大学法学院的官员邀请纽约大学法学教授Jerome A. Cohen来共同创办一个法学中心。Cohen自从60年代起就开始研究中国，会见过周恩来、邓小平等领导人。从法律界退休后，他开始帮助推动中国的刑事法改革。 “我加入只会给你们惹麻烦。”他对交大的管理者说。 They reassured Cohen of their support. Then the Jiao Tong administrator who had pushed for the center died, and party representatives began to criticize the program, Cohen said.
“It became clear that things would go better if I resigned as head of the NYU side,” he said. “I didn’t step down because it was a matter of principle.” The three-year agreement between the two universities wasn’t renewed. “We just let it drop,” Cohen said.
The Jiao Tong program was “fairly small,” said NYU spokesman John Beckman. At NYU’s study-abroad site in Shanghai, professors haven’t had issues with academic freedom, he said.
Cohen again encountered China’s limits on free speech when Tsinghua University School of Law in Beijing and the American Bar Association’s China office celebrated his 80th birthday with a May 2010 conference on the role of the criminal defense lawyer in China. 他们向Cohen保证会提供支持。后来，交大管理层一直致力于建设此中心的官员去世了，党代表开始指责这个项目，Cohen说。 两个学校间签订的时效三年的协议再没有更新。“我们差不多就这样任其自生自灭了。”Cohen说。 这个交大项目是“很小型的”，纽约大学发言人John Beckman说。他说，在纽约大学位于上海的海外学习站，教授们并没有遇到学术自由方面的问题。 Cohen再次遇到了中国限制言论自由的问题，当时清华大学法学院和美国律师协会的中国部以2010年5月的一次研讨会庆祝他的80岁生日，会议是关于刑事诉讼律师在中国发挥的作用。 Removed From Panel At Cohen’s urging, the ABA invited Mo Shaoping, a human rights lawyer whose clients have included Nobel Peace Prize winner Liu Xiaobo and other dissidents, as a speaker.
The day before the event, Mo was dropped from the panel, presumably by Communist party officials at the upper levels of the university, Cohen said. After Cohen threatened to cancel the conference, he and an ABA representative were allowed to tell the audience about Mo’s removal and to criticize the decision.
“I didn’t want to be associated with the denial of free speech to a friend,” Cohen said.
The curbing of Brendon Stewart’s free speech rights didn’t stop him from trying again. Following the turmoil about the journal, the Hopkins-Nanjing Center clarified its rules on extracurricular activities in 2010-11. From now on, students would need the administration’s approval for events and clubs.
Even with his prior ordeal, Stewart applied through official channels to publish another journal.
His application was rejected. 被撤出小组 在Cohen的敦促下，美国律师协会了邀请了莫少平（音译）作为会议发言人。莫是一个人权律师，其客户包括诺贝尔和平奖得住刘殖民和其他反对派。 在会议开始前的一天，莫被撤出了发言小组，据猜测是学校高层的共产党官员授意，Cohen说。在Cohen威胁要取消会议后，他和美国律师协会的代表被允许告诉与会观众莫少平被撤掉的情况，并且抨击这一决定。 “我不想让人把我跟限制朋友的言论自由联系起来。”Cohen说。 Breton Stewart的言论自由受限，并没有阻止他再做尝试。在期刊风波之后，霍布金斯-南京分校澄清了20010-2011学年关于课外活动的校规。从今以后，学生要举办活动或俱乐部需得到管理层的批准。 尽管有之前的挫折，Stewart还是通过官方渠道申请出版另一份期刊，他的申请被拒绝了。
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发表于 2011-11-30 16:23
