【FDA20130407】美国政府对国民有关转基因的诠释（求有心人译）

diver18

要不，等我慢慢啃呗！

我不知道/不记得从什么时候开始对一项科学成果的攻击和目的？

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Questions & Answers on Food from Genetically Engineered Plants
遗传工程植物食物的问题及答案
For additional information, see Foods Derived from Genetically Engineered Plants


1. What is genetic engineering?
基因工程是什么？
Genetic engineering is the name for certain methods that scientists use to introduce new traits or characteristics to an organism. For example, plants may be genetically engineered to produce characteristics to enhance the growth or nutritional profile of food crops. While these technique are sometimes referred to as "genetic modification," FDA considers “genetic engineering” to be the more precise term. Food and food ingredients from genetically engineered plants were introduced into our food supply in the 1990s.

2. Are foods from genetically engineered plants regulated by FDA?
遗传工程植物的食物受fda（食品和药物管理局）监控？
Yes. FDA regulates the safety of foods and food products from plant sources including food from genetically engineered plants. This includes animal feed, as under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, food is defined in relevant part as food for man and other animals. FDA has set up a voluntary consultation process to engage with the developers of genetically engineered plants to help ensure the safety of food from these products.

FDA regulates genetically engineered animals in a different way. View more information on how FDA evaluates GE animals.

3. Are foods from genetically engineered plants safe?
转基因植物的食品安全吗？
Foods from genetically engineered plants must meet the same requirements, including safety requirements, as foods from traditionally bred plants. FDA has a consultation process that encourages developers of genetically engineered plants to consult with FDA before marketing their products. This process helps developers determine the necessary steps to ensure their food products are safe and lawful. The goal of the consultation process is to ensure that any safety or other regulatory issues related to a food product are resolved before commercial distribution. Foods from genetically engineered plants intended to be grown in the United States that have been evaluated by FDA through the consultation process have not gone on the market until the FDA’s questions about the safety of such products have been resolved.

4. How is the safety of food from a genetically engineered plant evaluated?
基因工程植物食品的安全性是如何评价的
Evaluating the safety of food from a genetically engineered plant is a comprehensive process that includes several steps. Generally, the developer identifies the distinguishing attributes of new genetic traits and assesses whether any new material that a person consumed in food made from the genetically engineered plants could be toxic or allergenic. The developer also compares the levels of nutrients in the new genetically engineered plant to traditionally bred plants. This typically includes such nutrients as fiber, protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals. The developer includes this information in a safety assessment, which FDA’s Biotechnology Evaluation Team then evaluates for safety and compliance with the law.

FDA teams of scientists knowledgeable in genetic engineering, toxicology, chemistry, nutrition, and other scientific areas as needed carefully evaluate the safety assessments taking into account relevant data and information.

FDA considers a consultation to be complete only when its team of scientists are satisfied with the developer’s safety assessment and have no further questions regarding safety or regulatory issues. Please see http://www.fda.gov/bioconinventory for a list of completed consultations.

5. Why do developers genetically engineer plants and which has FDA evaluated for safety?
为什么发展基因工程植物以及哪些已通过fda的安全性评估？
Developers genetically engineer plants for many of the same reasons that traditional breeding is used, such as resistance to insect damage, hardiness or enhanced nutrition. As of December 2012, the FDA has completed 95 consultations, most of them on corn. The chart below shows the number of consultations completed as of April 1, 2013 for each of the genetically engineered plants FDA has reviewed. There were 30 submissions on corn, 15 on cotton, 12 each on canola and soybean, and 24 on all other crops including alfalfa, canteloupe, creeping bentgrass, flax, papaya, plum, potato, raddichio, squash, sugar beet, tomato, and wheat.


Figure 1. Numbers of Consultations on Genetically Engineered Crops
Numbers of Consultations on Genetically Engineered Crops:  30 submissions on corn, 15 on cotton, 12 each on canola and soybean, and 24 on all other crops including alfalfa, canteloupe, creeping bentgrass, flax, papaya, plum, potato, raddichio, squash, sugar beet, tomato, and wheat

6. Which foods are made from genetically engineered plants?
哪些食物是遗传工程植物？
The majority of genetically engineered plants - corn, canola, soybean, and cotton - are typically used to make ingredients that are then used in other food products. Such ingredients include cornstarch in soups and sauces, corn syrup as a general purpose sweetener, and cottonseed oil, canola oil, and soybean oil in mayonnaise, salad dressings, cereals, breads, and snack foods.

7. Are foods from genetically engineered plants less nutritious than comparable foods?
遗传工程植物比同类食品的营养少吗？
Nutritional assessments for foods from genetically engineered plants that have been evaluated by FDA through the consultation process have shown that such foods are generally as nutritious as foods from comparable traditionally bred plants.

8. Are foods from genetically engineered plants more likely to (1) cause an allergic reaction or (2) be toxic?
遗传工程植物的食品更容易引起过敏性反应或中毒吗？
The foods we have evaluated through the consultation process have not been more likely to cause an allergic or toxic reaction than foods from traditionally bred plants. When new genetic traits are introduced into plants, the developer evaluates whether any new material could be (1) allergenic or (2) toxic if consumed in foods made from the genetically engineered plants or from ingredients derived from these plants.

9. Why aren’t foods from genetically engineered plants labeled?
为什么遗传工程植物的食物没有标记？
We recognize and appreciate the strong interest that many consumers have in knowing whether a food was produced using genetic engineering. Currently, food manufacturers may indicate through voluntary labeling whether foods have or have not been developed through genetic engineering, provided that such labeling is truthful and not misleading. FDA supports voluntary labeling that provides consumers with this information and has issued draft guidance to industry regarding such labeling.

10. Are there long-term health effects of foods from genetically engineered plants?
遗传工程植物的食物是否有长期保健作用
When evaluating the safety of food from genetically engineered plants, scientists with experience in assessing the long-term safety of food and food ingredients consider several factors, such as information about the long-term safety of the food from traditionally bred crops in combination with information on the food safety of the newly introduced traits. Foods from genetically engineered plants that have been evaluated by FDA through the consultation process have not gone on the market until the FDA’s questions about the safety of such products have been resolved.

Page Last Updated: 04/07/2013
http://www.fda.gov/food/foodscienceresearch/biotechnology/ucm346030.htm

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以下附赠消息：

http://www.nbcnews.com/health/fda-wants-ban-trans-fats-food-8C11551559
美国政府将全面禁用反脂肪
http://finance.sina.com.cn/world/20131107/232217256909.shtml
美国食品药品管理局(FDA)周四晚些时候将公布一项新规定，要求食品行业逐步淘汰反式脂肪，因为它们对人体健康构成威胁。

　　FDA局长Margaret Hamburg表示，此举每年可能防止2万例心脏病和7000例死亡事件的发生。

　　不过，FDA尚未就何时彻底淘汰反式脂肪制定一个时间表。该机构将用两个月的时间来征求各方意见，然后再就此做出决定。不同的食品可能会有不同的时间表，取决于为其找到反式脂肪替代品的容易程度。

　　FDA表示，已经做出了一个初步决定，将反式脂肪移出其“一般公认安全”的食品添加剂名单。一旦反式脂肪被从这一名单中移除，任何人想要使用它们就必须向FDA申请，而这将很难获得批准。

　　反式脂肪酸会增加人体的胆固醇含量，特别是低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量，同时会减少可预防心脏病的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量，因此，反式脂肪被广泛认为对人体心脏最为有害，危害性甚于饱和脂肪。

　　过去10年，反式脂肪已逐渐从美国的食品杂货店和餐厅中消失。2008年，麦当劳[微博](97.2, -0.70, -0.72%)宣布在北美全面停用反式脂肪。同年，纽约市成为美国首个全面禁用反式脂肪的城市，其他一些地方政府随后也纷纷效仿。从2003年到2012年，美国消费者每天摄入的反式脂肪数量已从大约4.6克降至1克左右。

Pentium_5

The assignment is no big deal. However, the point is, who is willing to count on the federal government of USA?

这份任务其本身无可厚非。然而，问题的关键在于，谁愿意信赖米粒坚联邦政府？