本帖最后由 满仓 于 2013-11-17 20:44 编辑
【中文标题】奴役一生——十个奴隶制度依然猖獗的国家
【原文标题】Bound and Shackled
【登载媒体】外交政策
【原文链接】http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/10/17/bound_and_shackled_photos_global_slavery#0
据最新发布的《全球奴隶报告》，世界上目前有大约3000万人依然在遭受奴役，10个国家的奴隶占据了当今世界全部奴隶数量的76％。报告把“奴隶制度”定义为“类似奴隶的行为（例如债务奴隶、强迫婚姻、贩卖、剥削儿童）、拐卖人口和强迫劳役”。报告的发布者是自由行走基金会，它根据奴役人口占国家总人口的比例给162个国家排序。研究人员收集了十年的政府和非政府组织报告，还有无数的二手数据来源，衡量的标准包括强迫劳工、童婚和人口拐卖，以及考量奴隶的风险因素和每个国家的政治干预度。
在造成奴隶制度的诸多因素中——包括极度贫困、缺乏社会安全保障、战争，奴隶行为最盛行的国家，比如印度和毛里塔尼亚，似乎都有被殖民的历史，以及延续至今的世袭奴隶制传统。无一例外的是，女性和儿童都是被奴役的对象。接下来我们可以看看《全球奴隶报告》中列出的10个“最糟糕”的国家。
2012年7月3日，一名妇女和一名儿童在暴风来临之前离开一座砖窑。
1，毛里塔尼亚
1997年6月15日，一个奴隶女孩在毛里塔尼亚柴加的沙漠中烧饭。
毛里塔尼亚是世界上奴隶人口比例最高的国家，大约在4％到20％之间，也就是16万人。这里的奴隶制度世代沿袭，主人对他们的奴隶和奴隶的后代有完全的处置权。大部分奴隶是女性，既要负责家务，还要务农，而且经常遭受性暴力。
2，海地
2005年4月11日，海地莱凯的一个村子里。7岁的Meloude Casseus曾经是一个“利斯塔福克”，在一名社会工作者安慰他时，他哭了。
在海地，1000万总人口中有大约20万奴隶。最常见的奴隶是“利斯塔福克”，这是一种童工，贫困家庭的孩子被迫做家政服务。并非所有的利斯塔福克儿童都是奴隶，但很多都遭受剥削：大约30万到50万童工被克扣饮食，并且遭受身体和精神的虐待。海地的奴隶在2010年地震之前就存在，但是报告中提到，依然住在IDP营中的357,785人“容易遭受性交易和强迫劳工威胁”。
3，巴基斯坦
2012年7月8日，拉合尔郊外的一个制砖厂，一名儿童努力让碗里的水不要洒出来。
亚洲发展银行估计巴基斯坦有180万名奴役劳工——向雇主欠下债务而被迫劳动偿还的人。这些债务通常是上几代人遗留下来的，这些人出卖苦力的所得极少，甚至没有任何报酬。联邦统计局估计巴基斯坦有380万5岁到14岁之间的童工。儿童和“低种姓”家庭尤其容易成为巴基斯坦制砖业的奴役劳工。
4，印度
2011年3月，一个变性人在孟买著名的红灯区卡马提普拉的一家妓院中卖淫。
印度有1300万到1500万奴隶分布在不同的行业中，对印度女性、男性和变性人的性剥削相当普遍。儿童色情旅游业在宗教朝圣地区和当地旅游景点尤其猖獗。2013年美国拐卖人口报告进一步估算，有2000万到6500万印度人因债务束缚而被奴役。
5，尼泊尔
Durbati Nepali的丈夫在尼泊尔十年内战中阵亡，她在回忆起之后被迫沦为妓女的过程，羞愧地把脸藏在头巾后。
尼泊尔是现代奴隶的输出国，也是输入国，奴役的方式通常是砖窑苦力和性行业。报告估算，尼泊尔2700万人口中有大约25万名奴隶，奴役者通常是他们的雇主。国际劳工组织估算，有超过60万尼泊尔儿童被迫从事苦力劳动和类似矿场、工厂里的危险职业，而且很容易被性侵。
6，摩尔多瓦
2000年8月13日，两个分别来自罗马尼亚和摩尔多瓦的女人从柬埔寨金边的一家酒店中被解救之后相互安慰。他们曾被囚禁于此，据称被迫向商人和政府官员提供性服务。
2012年，国际移民组织发现摩尔多瓦的男性、女性和儿童在乌克兰、俄罗斯、阿联酋、土耳其和科索沃遭受不同程度的剥削。他们大多从事性行业、建筑业和家政服务，有超过3.2万名摩尔多瓦人在不同国家受奴役。
7，贝宁
2003年9月26日，数十名儿童奴隶在赛梅边境被抓获，被安置在警车里送往贝宁。
超过76000名贝宁人被强迫从事家政、棉花和腰果采摘、采石场和街边小贩的工作。联合国儿童基金会估计，大部分被拐卖到刚果的儿童都来自贝宁，国际移民组织估计这个国家总共有4万名儿童被拐卖。
8，象牙海岸
2008年，一个小女孩在布基纳法索和象牙海岸边境处的一辆汽车里。数百名孩子由于家庭贫困，被父母跨国边境送去学习可兰经，但师傅有时候会让他们去乞讨。如果每天讨不到足够的钱，就会被殴打、饿饭。被拐卖的儿童被称为“talibes”。
象牙海岸是女性和儿童奴隶的来源地和目的地，近期的内战让更多儿童沦为奴工。这个国家盛产可可，很多儿童在条件恶劣的条件下被奴役。2010年的一份政府报告估计，超过3万名儿童在农村地区被迫劳动，有60万到80万儿童在小型家庭农场里工作。
9，冈比亚
2004年7月6日，一个欧洲人在巴考一家妓院外与一名冈比亚女人谈话。
冈比亚最常见的奴役方式是强迫乞讨、童婚和家庭奴役。联合国儿童基金会估计，超过6万名冈比亚儿童面临奴役的威胁，尤其是孤儿和流浪儿童。被强迫乞讨的通常是talibes，被送到可兰经学校的男孩只会遭受教师的剥削。
10，加蓬
警方在布基纳法索和象牙海岸边境逮捕的12名被拐卖儿童中的一个小女孩。
加蓬有很多来自西非和中非的奴隶儿童。女孩通常被迫从事家政服务或性服务，男孩被送往手工劳动产业。强迫婚姻和童婚也很普遍。《全球奴隶报告》中提到，有些情况下，周边国家的年轻人主动来到加蓬寻找发展机会，但最终被奴役。最常见的奴役方式是，买来的年轻女孩又被卖到家政服务机构，在亲戚或富裕的家庭里劳动。报告中说：“加蓬在周边国家中相对富有，往往是这种传统奴隶形式的目的地。”
原文：
Around 30 million people in the world are currently enslaved, with 10 countries accounting for 76 percent of all modern slavery, according to the newly released Global Slavery Index. "Slavery," as it's defined in the report, includes "slavery-like practices (such as debt bondage, forced marriage, and sale or exploitation of children), human trafficking and forced labour." The index, produced by the Walk Free Foundation, ranked 162 countries according to the percentage of enslaved people in a national population. Sourcing data from a decade's worth of government and NGO reports, as well as numerous secondary sources, researchers measured the prevalence of forced labor, child marriage, and human trafficking around the world, and calculated slavery risk factors as well as political interventions in each country.
Among the many factors that contribute to the prevalence of slavery -- extreme poverty, the absence of social safety nets, and war -- nations with the highest instances of the practice, such as India and Mauritania, tend to also have histories of colonialism as well as legacies of hereditary slavery that still persist today. Almost invariably, it is the women and children who are the most susceptible to abuse. What follows is a look at the 10 "worst" countries, as ranked by the Global Slavery Index.
Above a woman and a child walk away from a brick kiln ahead of an approaching monsoon storm in the outskirts of Lahore on July 13, 2012.
No. 1: Mauritania
Mauritania has the highest proportion of slaves in the world, accounting for between four and 20 percent of its population, or 160,000 people. Here, slave status has been passed down through the generations, and masters exercise complete ownership over their slaves and their slaves' descendants. The majority of slaves are women, who are responsible for both domestic charges and agricultural labor, and are subject to sexual assault.
Above, a slave girl cooks in the desert on June 15, 1997 near Chegar, Mauritania.
No. 2: Haiti
In Haiti, slaves comprise about 200,000 of the country's 10 million residents. The most common type of slavery is called restavek, a form of child labor in which disadvantaged children are forced to work as domestic helpers. Not all children in the restavek system are slaves, but many are exploited: Between 300,000 and 500,000 Haitian child laborers are denied food or water, or are subjected to physical and emotional abuse. Slavery in Haiti preceded the 2010 earthquake, but the index notes that the 357,785 people who remain in IDP camps are at "increased risk of sex trafficking and forced labor."
Above, seven-year-old Meloude Casseus, a former restavek, weeps while being soothed by a social worker at Meloude's family home on April 11, 2005 in a rural village near Les Cayes, Haiti.
No. 3: Pakistan
The Asian Development Bank estimates that 1.8 million people in Pakistan are bonded laborers -- people forced to work off debts owed to an employer. These debts are often passed down generationally, and workers can be trapped into labor that yeilds little or no pay at all. The Federal Bureau of Statistics estimates that Pakistan has 3.8 million child laborers between the ages of five and 14. Children and "low-caste" families are particularly vulnerable to becoming bonded laborers in Pakistan's brick-making industry.
Above, a child tries not to spill the water he is carrying at a brick-making area on the outskirts of Lahore on July 8, 2012.
No. 4: India
India has between 13 and 15 million slaves working in numerous industries, and the commercial sexual exploitation of Indian women, men, and transgender people is widespread. Child sex tourism is particularly rampant in religious pilgrimage centers and cities popular for domestic tourism. The 2013 U.S. Trafficking in Persons Report further estimated that 20 to 65 million Indian citizens are enslaved as a result of debt bondage.
In this photo, a male transsexual prostitute sells sex inside a brothel in Mumbai's infamous red light district Kamathipura on Feb. 3, 2011.
No. 5: Nepal
Nepal is both a source and destination country for modern slavery, which often takes the form of forced labor in brick kilns, as well as forced sex work. The index estimates that about 250,000 of Nepal's 27 million people are enslaved -- often by their employers. The International Labor Organization estimates that over 600,000 Nepali children are forced into child labor, and are subject to sexual exploitation, as well as to dangerous work such as mining and factory labor.
In the photo above, Durbati Nepali hides her face in shame as she recalls how she was forced to work as a prostitute after her husband was killed during Nepal's 10-year civil war.
No. 6: Moldova
In 2012, the International Organization for Migration found that Moldovan men, women, and children were disproportionately exploited in the Ukraine, where they worked in the sex industry, in construction, or in private homes, as well as in Russia, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, and Kosovo. More than 32,000 Moldovan nationals are enslaved in different countries.
In this photo taken on Aug. 13, 2000, two women from Romania and Moldova who were rescued from a hotel in Phnom Penh, Cambodia comfort each other after being held captive and allegedly forced to provide sex services to businessmen and government officials.
No. 7: Benin
More than 76,000 people from Benin are forced to work in private homes, on cotton and cashew farms, in mining quarries, and as street vendors. UNICEF estimates most of the trafficked children in Congo originated in Benin, while the International Organization for Migration estimates that more than 40,000 children in the country are trafficked altogether.
In this photo, dozens of slave children ride in the back of a police vehicle on Sept. 26, 2003 after their apprehension at the Seme border as they were being sent to Benin.
No. 8: Ivory Coast
Ivory Coast is a source and destination country for enslaved women and children, and recent civil conflict has put more children at risk for forced labor. The country is also the world's leading producer of cocoa, and many children are subjected to the worst forms of servitude in this sector. A 2010 government report estimated that more than 30,000 children were forced laborers in rural areas, while another 600,000 to 800,000 children work on small family-owned farms.
Above, a little girl in a bus at the border between Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast in Februrary 2008. Hundreds of children are sent by their parents, too poor to feed them, across borders to learn the Quran. But Quranic masters sometimes send them to beg all day instead. If they do not come back with enough money, they are beaten up and are not allowed to eat. These trafficked children are called "talibes."
No. 9: Gambia
Gambia's most prevalent forms of slavery are forced begging, forced prostitution, child marriage, and domestic servitude. UNICEF estimates that more 60,000 Gambian children are vulnerable to slavery, especially orphans and street children. Forced begging victims are usually talibes, boys send to Quranic schools only to be exploited by teachers.
Above, a European man talks with a Gambian woman outside a massage parlor in Bakau on July 6, 2004.
No. 10: Gabon
Gabon is a destination country for enslaved children from West and Central Africa. Girls are often trafficked into domestic servitude or commercial sexual exploitation, while boys are trafficked for manual labor. Forced and child marriages are also common. As the Global Slavery Index details, in some cases, young people from neighboring countries come to Gabon voluntarily in search of economic opportunities, but end up being forced into servitude. One common form of slavery is a practice in which young girls are bought and sold without their consent to work as domestic servants to relatives or wealthy families. The report adds, "Gabon, being a wealthier state than its neighbouring countries, is largely a destination country for victims of this traditional practice."
Above a young girl who was arrested by the police with 11 other trafficked children at the border between Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast.
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