【赫芬顿邮报 20140226】8个不可思议的历史改变你的时间概念

满仓

【中文标题】8个不可思议的历史事实永远改变你对时间的概念
【原文标题】8 Surprising Historical Facts That Will Change Your Concept Of Time Forever
【登载媒体】赫芬顿邮报
【原文作者】Todd Van Luling
【原文链接】http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/02/26/historical-facts-time_n_4832325.html?utm_hp_ref=mostpopular


你或许应该知道这些看似不可思议的事情……

没人能称得上是世界历史专家，我们一般会把历史分成不同的阶段和类型，比如“欧洲历史”或者“美国革命史”。或许你天赋异禀，对全世界的历史了如指掌，但是对我们这些凡人来说，下面这些根据Reddit网站一篇文章《历史上有哪些看起来不大可能的事情在同时发生？》整理出来的列表，让你有机会在一定的背景下了解重大的历史事件。


1，贝蒂•怀特（美国著名女演员、歌手、喜剧演员、作家和电视明星）的年龄比切片面包还要大。



切片面包出现于1928年，由奥托•弗雷德里克•韦德尔发明。在此之前，面包都是整块销售，因为面包师认为切片之后会不新鲜。贝蒂•怀特出生于1922年，她早期的生活里没有切片面包。但怀特刚刚庆祝了她92岁的生日，也就是说，她要比我们大部分人都享受了更长时间的“伟大发明”。


2，哈佛大学比微积分出现得更早。



成立于1636年的哈佛大学是美国最古老的高等学府。当时被称为“新大学”的这所学校里没有微积分课程，因为它还不存在。微积分的发明出现在17世纪晚期，戈特弗里德•莱布尼茨在1684年出版的《新方法论》和艾萨克•牛顿在1678年出版《原理》中有所论述，之后的数学家对其进行了深入的阐释和改变。而且，欧洲物理学奖、数学家和天文学家伽利略在哈佛大学成立的时候依然健在，他死于1642年。


3，上一次芝加哥小熊棒球队获得冠军时，奥托曼帝国还没有灭亡。



芝加哥小熊队自从1908年之后就没有再获得过联赛冠军，那时候联赛中还有布鲁克林超霸队和波士顿灰鸽队。成立于13世纪的奥托曼帝国当时依然存在。帝国最后一任苏丹王是穆罕默德六世，他的政权结束于1922年，土耳其政府废除了君主制，组建了新的共和国——这是在小熊队获得最后一次联赛冠军的14年之后。


4，吉萨金字塔修建于猛犸象的年代。



据我们目前所知，猛犸象大约在公元前1700年于俄罗斯的弗兰格尔岛灭绝。在埃及，吉萨金字塔大约修建于4000年前，当然也有人说是在更早的时候。这意味着，克利奥帕特拉女王（译者注：古埃及托勒密王朝最后一位统治者）在地球上存在的年代距离我们要比距离金字塔更近。


5，传真机与俄勒冈小径大迁移出现在同一年。



第一台传真机出现在1834年，发明者是一位苏格兰技师，名叫亚历山大•拜恩。这台早期的设备使用可同步的钟摆组合、电子探测器和电子化学感光纸来扫描文件，然后通过电线把信息传到另外一个地方复制。俄勒冈小径的“大迁徙”发生在同一年，100个移民沿着马车小径试图穿越到西部，但大多死于途中的疟疾。


6，蒂芙尼珠宝店出现的时候意大利还不是一个国家。



尽管罗马多年来一直是官方的国家名称，但是朱塞佩•加里波第将军在1861年领导的一次起义才收服了多个城市国家，把他们组合成一个国家。查尔斯•路易斯•蒂芙尼和约翰•B•杨在1837年成立了蒂芙尼杨公司，1853年改名为蒂芙尼有限公司。也就是说，奥黛丽•赫本应当先出演《蒂芙尼的早餐》，再去意大利享受她的《罗马假日》。（译者注：《罗》1954年，《蒂》1961年。）

与此类似，梅西百货公司成立于1858年，也是在意大利建国之前。


7，《星球大战》上映时，法国还在使用断头台。



断头台在法国最后一次作为处决工具使用，是在1977年，断头台在历史上存在了两个世纪。第一部《星球大战》影片于1977年行刑前几个月上映。

另一个让人不敢相信的法国历史：埃菲尔铁塔在1889年竣工，任天堂公司的成立和梵高创作《星夜》也是在这一年。


8，约翰•泰勒总统的两个孙子依然健在。



约翰•泰勒是美国第十任总统，任期从1841年到1845年，但他的两个孙子依然健在。《思想绒毛》杂志率先在2012年报道了这个消息，Snopes网站随后给予证实，《纽约杂志》甚至还采访过其中一个人。到去年为止，里昂•加德纳•泰勒和哈里森•泰勒还都只有80多岁。




原文：

You probably should know these things didn't happen anywhere near when you thought they did...

Not everyone can be a world history master, especially when we tend to learn about it in specifically segmented classes like "European History" or "American Revolutionary History." Maybe you have an exceptional grasp on the global historical timeline. But for those of us who don't, the list below, inspired by a recent Reddit thread called "What are two events that took place in the same time in history but don't seem like they would have?" puts key historical moments into some much-needed context.

1. Betty White is older than sliced bread.

Sliced bread was introduced in 1928 by inventor Otto Frederick Rohwedder. Before this moment, bread was sold in whole loaves as bakers didn't trust sliced bread could stay fresh. Betty White was born in 1922 and spent her early years not eating sliced bread. But White recently celebrated her 92nd birthday, which means she's been able to experience the first "greatest invention" much longer than most of us.

2. Harvard University was founded before calculus was invented.

Established in 1636, Harvard is the oldest institution of higher education in the U.S. The "New College," as it was originally called, had no calculus classes because it didn't exist yet. The invention of calculus would come in the late 17th century with Gottfried Leibniz's 1684 publication of "Nova Methodus," and in part with Isaac Newton's "Principia" in 1687, followed by additional explanations and reformulations by subsequent mathematicians. Also, European physicist, mathematician and astronomer Galileo was still alive during Harvard's early years -- he died in 1642.

3. The last time the Chicago Cubs won a World Series, the Ottoman Empire still existed.

The Chicago Cubs haven't won a World Series since 1908. This was back when there were still teams such as the Brooklyn Superbas and the Boston Doves. The Ottoman Empire, which was founded in the 13th century, also existed back then. Mehmed VI was the last sultan of the empire and his reign ended in 1922 when the sultanate was abolished and the Turkish government took governing control over the new republic -- 14 years after the Cubs last won the World Series.

4. The Pyramids of Giza were built in the time of wooly mammoths.

From what we can tell, the last of the wooly mammoth died out around 1700 B.C. on Russia’s Wrangel Island. In Egypt, the Pyramids of Giza were built around 4,000 years ago, although there have been claims that they're even older. This also means that Cleopatra's time on Earth is actually closer to us in history than to the construction of the pyramids.

5. The fax machine was invented the same year as the Oregon trail migration.

The first fax machine was invented in 1843 by a Scottish mechanic named Alexander Bain. This early model used a combination of synchronized pendulums, electric probes and electrochemically sensitive paper to scan documents, and then send the information over a series of wires to be reproduced. The "Great Migration" on the Oregon trail began the same year, when a wagon train of about 1,000 migrants attempted to travel west, but probably died of dysentery along the way.

6. The jewelry store Tiffany & Co. was founded before Italy was a country.

While Rome was officially a holdout for a number of years after, in 1861 General Giuseppe Garibaldi led a successful campaign to gather the various city-states and bring them under one nation. Charles Lewis Tiffany and John B. Young founded Tiffany & Young in 1837 and then became Tiffany & Co. in 1853. This means Audrey Hepburn could have gotten "breakfast at Tiffany's" before she could have had her Italian "Roman Holiday.

Similarly, Macy's was founded in 1858, also before Italy became the nation we know it as today.

7. France was still using the guillotine when "Star Wars" came out.

The last time the guillotine was used as a form of execution in France was in 1977. The guillotine lasted for about two centuries. The first "Star Wars" film was also released in 1977 a few months before the execution.

Another mind-blow French historical fact: The Eiffel Tower was completed in 1889, which is the same year Nintendo was founded and that Van Gogh painted "The Starry Night."

8. Two of President John Tyler's grandsons are still alive.

John Tyler was America's 10th President, serving from 1841 to 1845, but somehow two of his grandsons are still alive. Mental Floss first reported on this fact in 2012, but since then Snopes has verified their identities, while New York Magazine even interviewed one of the grandsons. As of last year, both Lyon Gardiner Tyler Jr. and Harrison Tyler were still only in their 80s.