【华盛顿邮报 20140224】25张图让你读懂今日美国

满仓

【中文标题】25张图让你读懂今日美国
【原文标题】25 maps and charts that explain America today
【登载媒体】华盛顿邮报
【原文作者】Niraj Chokshi、David Beard
【原文链接】http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2014/02/24/25-maps-and-charts-that-explain-america-today/


每年年初，政府、智囊团和商业机构都会发布一系列的数据和报告，描述这个国家的社会、经济和人口现象。每一份数据都是针对比较具体问题的分析，比如选民的态度、移民状况、失业的政策倾向等等，但综合来看，数据讲述了一个庞大的故事。

在今年的前两个月，我们已经编写过数十篇文章，用图表和数据回顾这个国家。下面是一些重点内容，我们可以了解自己、了解自己今天的生活。

让我们先来看看语言。（译者注：所有图片可点击查看大图。）



（译者注：为便于阅读，以下美国各州简写供读者索引：
AL 亚拉巴马州
AK 阿拉斯加州
AZ 亚利桑那州
AR 阿肯色州
CA 加利福尼亚州
CO 科罗拉多州
CT 康涅狄格州
DE 特拉华州
FL 佛罗里达州
GA 佐治亚州
HI 夏威夷州
ID 爱达荷州
IL 伊利诺伊州
IN 印第安纳州
IA 艾奥瓦州
KS 堪萨斯州
KY 肯塔基州
LA 路易斯安那州
ME 缅因州
MD 马里兰州
MA 马萨诸塞州
MI 密歇根州
MN 明尼苏达州
MS 密西西比州
MO 密苏里州
MT 蒙大拿州
NE 内布拉斯加州
NV 内华达州
NH 新罕布什尔州
NJ 新泽西州
NM 新墨西哥州
NY 纽约州
NC 北卡罗来纳州
ND 北达科他州
OH 俄亥俄州
OK 俄克拉何马州
OR 俄勒冈州
PA 宾夕法尼亚州
RI 罗得岛州
SC 南卡罗来纳州
SD 南达科他州
TN 田纳西州
TX 得克萨斯州
UT 犹他州
VT 佛蒙特州
VA 弗吉尼亚州
WA 华盛顿州
WV 西弗吉尼亚州
WI 威斯康星州
WY 怀俄明州）


1，谁最幸福。



盖洛普的幸福指数来自55项指标，包括肥胖率、生产性消费、吸烟、经济萧条指数和心理满足感。总体来看，最幸福的州都位于西部和中西部，最不幸福的州位于南部。去年的排名颇有一些变化。原来排名第19位的北达科他州跃升榜首，排名第12位的南达科他州紧随其后。在占据了4年榜首地位之后，夏威夷落到第8位。


2，每个州最富有的1%人口的收入。



从1979年到2007年，每个州最富有的人所占全部人口收入的百分比。

上图只显示了10个州，但你可以了解到：最富有的1%人口在过去几十年中，攫取了越来越多的财富，这逆反了从前财富平均化的趋势。


3，大城市收入的不平等性高于全国平均水平。



据布鲁金斯研究所的调查发现，富者更富、穷者更穷的趋势在大城市要比整个国家平均更为明显。只有丹佛、西雅图和埃尔帕索三个城市的收入差距在经济危机之前有所缩小，其它城市的差距都在加大。


4，百万富翁都在哪儿？



人均百万富翁家庭的分布图。

美国大约有600万个家庭流动资产超过100万美元，最新的调查显示，美国的财富人群大部分集中在95号州际公路（译者注：美国东海岸的交通大动脉）。


5，酿酒厂都在哪里？



据一个啤酒产业贸易组织提供的数据，去年发放的酿酒许可证数量达到了新高，其中有三分之一都集中在4个州——加利福尼亚、华盛顿、科罗拉多和俄勒冈。


6，货物的流动方向是怎样的？



上图来自Atlas Van Lines公司，显示了去年他们的客户的移动状况。大部分州的人口进出基本平衡，但是蓝色的州进入人口比较多，黄色州离开人口比较多。


7，“保守派”人数多过“自由派”的47个州。



上图显示了每个州保守派超过自由派的程度。盖洛普调查结果显示，自称保守派的人数在47个州超过自称自由派的人数。但是这张图似乎揭示了更多的语言问题，而不是政治问题，因为“自由派”这个词长久以来一直被视为政治毒药——现在依然有人这么认为。


8，立法机构的党派色彩比国会还要浓厚的几个州。



这张图显示了州立法机构的党派倾向，中间的虚线代表美国国会。位于虚线右侧的州立法机构比美国国会的党派色彩更加浓厚，当然，有很多州是两党联合执政，那么这至少说明他们的效率比较高。


9，失业率的恢复情况。



有29个州的失业率已经恢复到经济危机之前的水平，但是这个胜利付出了极大的代价。


10，长期失业率处于历史新高。



在经济危机处于历史最高点之前，长期失业率达到了三十年前26％的水平。但是在2013年，有41个州和华盛顿特区都高于这个数字。华盛顿特区、新泽西和佛罗里达有45％的失业都属于长期失业（连续6个月以上无法就业）。


11，网速分布不均。



各个选区的平均网速差异巨大。


12，从未发生过经济危机的地方。



经济的恢复显而易见，但分布不平均。上图来自国家县联盟的一份报告。深蓝色的县经济从未衰退——以GDP衡量——浅蓝色的县在2013年已经恢复。灰色的县依然在恢复过程中。


13，新教徒都在哪？

新教徒在29个州占据了至少一半人口，只有罗德岛的天主教徒超过人口的一半。

根据去年针对17.8万名美国人的调查，盖洛普的数据显示出每个州新教、天主教、摩门教、犹太教、虔诚的宗教信徒和完全不信教的人群分布。

Avid GovBeat的读者或许会发现，我们对地图和宗教数据很感兴趣，我们喜欢用地理的方式来确定宗教信仰和州以及国家级别的宗教身份。但那些地图都是基于2010年的数据，所以我们用以下6张图来体现2013年盖洛普调查的结果。

阿拉巴马和密西西比是新教徒最多的州。



新教徒最多的10个州都在南方，其中9个州的新教徒人数占据整个国家的70％以上。盖洛普对于新教徒的定义是，声称自己是新教徒，或者信仰基督教但不是天主教徒和摩门教徒。

阿拉巴马和密西西比的新教徒占人口比例最高，达到77％。

只有一个州的天主教徒占大多数：罗德岛。



54％的罗德岛人口声称信仰天主教，其次是新泽西、马萨诸塞、康涅狄格和纽约，分别占比从37％到44％。

阿拉巴马、密西西比、阿肯色和田纳西的天主教人口比例最低，只有8％。

38个州的摩门教徒占人口比例不到1％。



犹他州不出意外地成为摩门教徒占比最高的州，60％的受访者信仰摩门教。其次是爱达荷24％，怀俄明9％。摩门教徒在其它10个州占人口比例在2％到5％之间。

27个州的摩门教徒占比不到1％，还有11个州摩门教徒的数量几乎为零。

纽约和新泽西是犹太教信徒的聚居地。



与摩门教不同，犹太教信徒占比最高的州没有什么变化。

纽约犹太教信徒占人口比例为7％，其次是新泽西5％，马萨诸塞和华盛顿特区分别是4％，康涅狄格、佛罗里达、马里兰和内华达都是3％。

犹太人在23个州占人口比例约为1％，其它12个州犹太人几乎为零。

南方人更信教。



正如我们在另一篇文章中提到的，超过十分之四的美国人说他们“非常信教”，其定义是，宗教是他们生活中重要的一部分，几乎每周都会参与宗教活动。10个最有宗教信仰的州中的9个都在南方（犹他是个例外），最不信教的州集中在新英格兰（译者注：指位于美国大陆东北角、濒临大西洋、毗邻加拿大的区域）和西部。

密西西比、犹他、阿拉巴马、路易斯安那、田纳西和南加利福尼亚“非常信教”占人口比例最高，从54％到61％不等。

北方人不相信宗教。



无神论和不可知论在佛蒙特和新罕布什尔似乎比较盛行，这两个州的大部分受访者都不相信任何宗教，无宗教信仰的人在佛蒙特和新罕布什尔分别占比为56％和51％。其次是缅因、马萨诸塞和俄勒冈，有19个州超过三分之一人口不相信宗教。

不信教的人在密西西比占人口比例最小，只有10％。不信教的定义是宗教不是生活中重要的一部分，而且从不参加宗教活动。


14，酒类税最高的州。



肯塔基的葡萄酒税率最高；田纳西的啤酒税最高；华盛顿特区的烈性酒税最高。


15，不提倡同性恋教育的8个州。



“不提倡同性恋”州是指禁止教育者用积极的方式讨论同性恋问题，甚至完全禁止讨论。“禁止枚举”州是指不允许校区执行阻止威胁性取向和性别身份的政策。


16，重罪选举政策对黑人的限制。



2010年被剥夺选举权人群的地理分布。佛罗里达有五分之一的成年黑人无法投票选举，不是因为他们没有公民身份，或者没有注册选民，而是因为他们曾经被判有重罪。“审判项目”是一个致力于改革审判政策，降低种族不平等性的组织。根据它提供的数据，超过20％的成年黑人在佛罗里达、肯塔基和弗吉尼亚失去了选举权。


17，蓝色州（译者注：指亲民主党）优势大幅缩水。



在多年持续衰退之后，民主党占优势的州的数量在去年减少了一半。2008年领先30个州的优势现在只缩水到3个。


18，30个州的堕胎率处于几十年来的最低点。



上图显示出各州上一次出现与2011年同样低的堕胎率是多久之前的事。深红色的州表示2011年是近30年堕胎率最低的一年。根据一家研究性行为和生育健康的机构Guttmacher研究所提供的信息，30个州的堕胎率位于30年来的最低点。9个州自1973年有记录以来堕胎率最低。


19，女性在立法委员中占比最多和最少的州。



不到四分之一的立法委员是女性，这个现象5年来未发生变化。


20，低收入学生成绩较差的州。



少数民族和贫困学生在AP测验中的成绩，在大部分州都落后于其他学生。差距最大的州是路易斯安那，可以顺利毕业的班级中，贫困学生占66.2％，但是只有15.4％可以通过AP考试。24个州的百分比差距大于30％。


21，哪些州的计划最准确。



根据预算政策中心提供的数据，基本上每个州都有机会把长期财政预算做得更好。只有11个州在满分为10分的远期预算能力测验中得到了比较高的分数。


22，哪些州的住房问题依然严重。



15个州的水下抵押（译者注：指抵押物现值已经低于贷款金额）多于正常抵押。


23，116个县占据了一半的未参保群体。



美联社最新一项调查显示，奥巴马政府有效地把未参保的美国人压缩到相对较小的一个地理范围：全国3143个县中的116个县，未参保人数占全国未参保人数的一半。


24，加利福尼亚旱情。



内布拉斯加林肯大学的全国旱情缓解中心、美国农业部和国家海洋大气管理局联合发布了美国旱情检测报告。

连续三年加利福尼亚的农民都在遭受严重的旱灾，2013年的旱情最为严重。情况还在持续，今年依然不会好转。


25，离你最近的比萨饼店在哪儿。



这张图显示出全国都分布了哪些连锁店铺，基本上是必胜客和达美乐的天下。





原文：

At the start of every year, government agencies, think tanks and businesses release sets of data and reports charting the nation’s social, economic and demographic course. Individually, each release of data offers a narrow snapshot of a narrow issue — voter attitudes, migration, unemployment, an assessment of policies, etc. — but collectively they tell a broader story.

In just the first two months of the year, we here at GovBeat have already written dozens of posts looking at the state of the nation in maps and charts. Here are some highlights that explain who we are and how we live today (with links for those who want more):

1. Who’s most well off

Gallup’s well-being index relies on 55 metrics, including rates of obesity, produce consumption, smoking, depression and psychological fulfillment. Generally, the best-off states are in the Midwest and West while the worst are in the south. And there was quite a bit of a shakeup last year. Nineteenth-ranked North Dakota rose to the top spot, while 12th-ranked South Dakota took the second spot. After four years on top, Hawaii fell to the eighth spot.

2. The top 1 percent have gained in every state

Top 1 percent’s share of income between 1979 and 2007.

The chart above shows just 10 states, but you get the picture: The richest one percent have gobbled up an increasingly large share of income during the past few decades, reversing an earlier trend toward income equality.

3. Big cities are less equal than the rest of the country

The rich are richer and the poor are poorer in the nation’s largest cities than the nation as a whole, according to the findings from the Brookings Institution. Just three — Denver, Seattle and El Paso — saw inequality shrink, marginally, since before the recession. For the rest, things got worse.

4. Where the millionaires are

Per capita millionaire households (Source: Phoenix Global Wealth Monitor)

More than six million households in the United States have liquid assets worth more than $1 million, according to new estimates that show the greatest concentrations of wealth in the United States are along the Interstate 95 corridor. (Click through for an interactive map.)

5. Where the breweries are

The number of brewery permits issued last year soared to new all-time highs, with about a third concentrated in just four states — California, Washington, Colorado and Oregon — according to a beer industry trade group. Read the original story for a full state chart.

6. Where people are moving to and from

The map above comes from Atlas Van Lines and shows where their customers were headed last year. Most states had a steady balance of people coming and going, but the blue ones below are where the movement was mostly inbound and the yellow ones show states that were losing people faster than they were gaining them.

7. The 47 states where ‘conservatives’ outnumber ‘liberals’

Map shaded by the conservative advantage over liberals in each state. (Gallup) People who identify as “conservative” outnumber those who call themselves “liberals” in 47 states, according to a Gallup survey. But the map likely reveals more about language than politics, as the word “liberal” had long been — and some might argue still is — politically toxic.

8. The states whose legislatures are more partisan than Congress

This chart shows state legislature polarization with the dotted line in the middle representing the U.S. Congress. The half of state legislatures to the right of that line are more partisan — though many are unified by party so they’re at least more productive, too.

9. Where unemployment has recovered (sort of)

State unemployment dipped to post-recession lows in 29 states. But it’s a bit of a Pyrrhic victory (see next map).

10. Where long-term unemployment is at historic highs

Before the recession smashed the record, long-term unemployment peaked at 26 percent thirty years ago. But in 2013 it was higher than that in 41 states and D.C. It’s highest in D.C., New Jersey and Florida, where more than 45 percent of the jobless are long-term unemployed (i.e. unable to find work after about six months of looking).

11. Mapping the geographical digital divide

This Gizmodo map of average Internet speeds by congressional district shows how disparate access to the web is.

12. Where the recession never happened

There is a recovery underway, but it’s uneven, as depicted by the map above, from a report by the National Association of Counties. The darkest-blue counties never experienced a recession—as measured by economic output—while the lighter blue ones recovered by 2013. The grey ones are still working through their recoveries.

13. Where the Protestants are

In 29 states, Protestants account for at least half of the population. That’s true for Catholics in only one state: Rhode Island. That’s according to Gallup data. See five more maps that explain religious America.

14. The states that tax booze the hardest

Kentucky taxes wine the most; Tennessee leads on beer and Washington has the highest taxes on spirits.

15. The 8 states that ban educators from promoting homosexuality

“No promo homo” states are those that prohibit educators from discussing homosexuality in a positive way or, in some cases, at all. States that prohibit enumeration are those that don’t allow local school districts from enacting policies aimed specifically at preventing bullying over sexual orientation or gender identity. (Gay, Lesbian & Straight Education Network)

16. How felon voting policies restrict the black vote

Cartogram of disenfranchisement rates, 2010. (Sentencing Project) In Florida, more than one in five black adults can’t vote. Not because they lack citizenship or haven’t registered, but because they have, at some point, been convicted of a felony. More than 20 percent of black adults have lost their right to vote in Florida, Kentucky and Virginia, according to the Sentencing Project, a group that advocates for reforms to sentencing policy that reduces racial disparities.

17. The incredible shrinking blue-state advantage

The Democratic Party’s advantage in the states was halved last year, continuing a dramatic multi-year decline. A 30-state advantage in 2008 is now down to 3. (That is, Dems can claim three more states in their corner than Republicans can. But that’s down from 2008 when they claimed 30 more states than their counterparts.)

18. The 30 states where abortion rates are at multi-decade lows

The map above shows how long it’s been since each state has had an abortion rate as low as in 2011. The darkest red states reflect those where the 2011 abortion rate was the lowest in at least 30 years. In 30 states, abortion rates are at their lowest levels in at least 30 years, according to new data from the Guttmacher Institute, a think tank that advocates for sexual and reproductive health and rights. In nine of those states, rates are the lowest since records began in 1973.

19. Where women are most and least represented in state legislatures

Just under one in four state legislators is a woman — a fact unchanged over the past five years.

20. Where low-income students lag behind

Minority and poor students in most states seriously lag behind their peers when it comes to successfully completing Advanced Placement exams. The gap was largest in Louisiana, where low-income students make up 66.2 percent of the graduating class, but just 15.4 percent of successful exams. The gap between the two is larger than 30 percentage points in 24 states.

21. Which states plan best for the future

Virtually every state could do a better job at long-term fiscal planning, according to the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Just 11 states earned high marks on a 10-point test of their ability to budget in the long-term, according to the fiscal policy group.

22. Where housing remains a serious problem

In 15 states, there are more deeply underwater mortgages than those in solid standing.

23. The 116 counties responsible for half the uninsured

A new study conducted for The Associated Press shows that the Obama administration is best off focusing on signing up uninsured Americans in a relatively narrow geographic area: Half of non-senior adults without insurance live in just 116 of the nation’s 3,143 counties.

24. Record drought spreads to California

The U.S. Drought Monitor is jointly produced by the National Drought Mitigation Center at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (NDMC-UNL)

For three straight years, California’s farmers have been dealing with severe drought, with 2013 being the driest year on record. It’s a serious ongoing problem, and this year is expected to be just as bad.

25. What the closest pizza joints are

This map, courtesy of FlowingData.com, shows which chain’s stores are closest to various parts of the country. Pizza Hut and Dominoes reign.

Pentium_5

Informative, tks.
涨姿势啦，谢过。楼主辛苦。

reed4yue

貌似分析比较科学阿