【皮尤调查 20130718】美国与中国：第一章世界对美国的态度

满仓

【中文标题】美国与中国：第一章世界对美国的态度
【原文标题】Chapter 1. Attitudes toward the United States
【登载媒体】皮尤调查
【原文链接】http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/07/18/united-states-and-china-the-image-of-the-globes-two-superpowers/


美国的国际形象普遍好于中国。



总体来看，世界对美国的印象是正面的。28个国家的大部分受访者都表示喜欢美国。

欧洲人普遍给美国打出高分，尤其是意大利，76％的受访者对美国有好印象，2007年和去年的百分比分别是74％和53％。希腊是唯一一个对美国好感度不到50％的欧洲国家。

法国和德国在如今对美国的好感，比乔治•W•布什执政期间有大幅度提升，但在2009年巴拉克•奥巴马执政第一年之后有所下降。

大约八成的以色列人（83％）对美国有好感，然而这个国家的犹太人（90％）和阿拉伯人（42％）对美国的支持率有巨大的差异。中东其它地区对美国的印象基本都是负面的。不到五分之一的巴勒斯坦人、埃及人和约旦人对美国有好印象，突尼斯（42％）和黎巴嫩（47％）对美国的印象还算不错。但是在黎巴嫩，逊尼派穆斯林（66％）、基督教徒（56％）和什叶派穆斯林（9％）对美国的印象有很大差异。大部分土耳其人依然不喜欢美国，尽管他们对美国的好感比去年上升了6个百分点。



美国给大部分亚太区的国家留下了正面的印象，尤其是菲律宾、韩国、日本和澳大利亚，大约三分之二的人对美国有好感。一些以穆斯林占主导地位的国家也表示出对美国的好感，包括印度尼西亚和马来西亚。在马来西亚，喜欢美国的人数比2007年皮尤调查的结果多了一倍。佛教群体（72％）比穆斯林群体（46％）表达出更多的好感。

然而，亚洲国家的两个例外是中国和巴基斯坦。中国的态度在过去三年里发生了巨大的变化，2010年有58％的人喜欢美国，现在只有40％。与此同时，巴基斯坦近年的反美情绪高涨，今天只有11％的人喜欢美国。

美国也得到了拉丁美洲国家的普遍欢迎，尤其是萨尔瓦多、巴西、智利和墨西哥，巴西人和墨西哥人对美国的好感度高于过去几年。即使玻利维亚和委内瑞拉这两个国家的领导人在过去几年经常发表反美言论，大部分人依然对美国持有好感，但这两个国家政坛右派比左派对美国的好感度更高。拉丁美洲的一个例外是阿根廷，只有41％的受访者喜欢美国，但这也比2007年16％的数字高出很多。

非洲人延续了几年前的趋势，对美国青睐有加。在所有参与调查的6个撒哈拉以南的非洲国家中，大约七成以上的受访者对美国有正面的印象。这其中包括大部分是基督教徒的国家乌干达、加纳、肯尼亚和南非，也包括穆斯林占主导地位的国家塞内加尔。尼日利亚的人口几乎平均分位基督教和穆斯林，两个群体的大部分人都对美国有好感，尽管基督教（82％）的好感度高于穆斯林（57％）。



年轻人给美国打出了更高的分数



在参与调查的很多国家中，30岁以下人群表现出对美国特殊的好感。尤其是在土耳其，18岁到29岁的人群中有38％喜欢美国，50岁以上的人群只有8％。

中国30岁以下的人群有一半喜欢美国，50岁以上的人群只有27％。同样，马来西亚18到29岁的人群与50岁以上的人群对美国好感度的差距有21％。两位数的差距出现在欧洲、中东、拉丁美洲和非洲的很多国家。

几个国家受过大学教育的人群对美国的好感度更高。例如，中国持有大学学位的人群中有60％喜欢美国，受相对较低教育的人群中只有39％。在俄罗斯，60％大学毕业的人群喜欢美国，没有接受过大学教育的人群中这个数字是48％。巴基斯坦、委内瑞拉和突尼斯也出现了两位数的差距。

对美国人的印象

全球公众对美国人的印象与对这个国家的印象大体一致。29个国家超过一半的受访者喜欢美国人，菲律宾、加纳、韩国、以色列、塞内加尔、肯尼亚和萨尔瓦多喜欢美国人的受访者占四分之三以上。

较低的分数出现在一些穆斯林国家，包括巴基斯坦、土耳其、巴勒斯坦、约旦和埃及。然而值得注意的是，在埃及（美国人32％、美国16％）和约旦（美国人31％、美国14％），美国人得到了比美国更高的分数。

中国是唯一一个大多数人不喜欢美国人的国家（54％）。

很多人把美国当作朋友



当被问到美国对你的国家来说是一个朋友、敌人抑或都不是的时候，22个国家的大部分受访者都说是朋友，只有4个国家的大多数受访者认为美国是敌人。

非洲人普遍视美国人为朋友，所有参与调查的6个非洲国家中大部分受访者都持这种观点。5个欧盟国家的大部分人也把美国当作朋友，但是只有30％的希腊人持这种观点，希腊大约有五分之一（22％）的人说美国是敌人。

俄罗斯人的观点呈两极分化，31％的人认为美国是朋友，26％的人说美国是敌人，还有35％的人说都不是。

中东国家中只有以色列人把美国当作朋友（90％的人持这种观点），与此相比，76％的巴基斯坦人把美国当作敌人，这在所有参与调查的国家中比例最高。将近一半的土耳其人（49％）认为美国是敌人，46％的黎巴嫩人也这样认为。但是黎巴嫩内部不同宗教群体的观点存在分歧，86％的什叶派、38％的基督教和25％的逊尼派说美国是敌人。

5个亚太国家中的多数受访者都认为美国是朋友，极少有人说美国是敌人，只有一个例外，64％的巴基斯坦人说美国是敌人。

在拉丁美洲，大部分萨尔瓦多人、巴西人、智利人和墨西哥人都认为美国是朋友。大约三分之一的阿根廷人和玻利维亚人也认为美国是朋友，但这两个国家把美国当作朋友的受访者人数毕竟多过把美国当作敌人的受访者。委内瑞拉的态度不甚明确，视美国为朋友和敌人的受访者数量相当。

向中国受访者提出的是一个不同版本的问题，32％的人说美国和中国之间是合作的关系，比2010年的68％减少很多。23％的人说双方是敌对关系，比三年前的8％有大幅上涨。大约三分之一的受访者（31％）说双方关系既非合作亦非敌对，还有15％的人没有发表意见。

美国倾听其它国家的意见吗？



纵观整个世界，很多人都认为美国在处理国际问题时只考虑自己的利益，不顾及其它国家的利益。所有欧洲和中东国家的大部分受访者都认为，美国在制定外交政策时不像考虑自身利益那样考虑他们的利益。

德国和以色列是两个例外。德国认为美国考虑其它国家利益的受访者数量和不这样认为的受访者数量几乎相等，而69％的以色列人说美国考虑他们的利益。

亚洲国家之间的态度有明显的差别。大多数菲律宾人认为美国考虑他们的国家利益，印度尼西亚人和中国人也这样认为。马来西亚的态度不甚明确，而日本、韩国、澳大利亚和巴基斯坦人认为美国喜欢采取单方面行动。

所有参与调查的非洲国家中，大部分人认为美国会考虑他们的国家利益，拉丁美洲参与调查的国家中有七分之四的人也这样认为。但是，大部分玻利维亚人、智利人和阿根廷人说美国不考虑他们的利益。

美国人对自己的看法相对一致，70％的人说他们的国家在制定外交政策时，会考虑其它国家的利益。

无人机行动遭到普遍的反对



参与调查的大部分国家都依然反对美国针对极端主义领导人和组织的无人机作战计划。31个国家有超过一半的受访者反对美国度巴基斯坦、也门和索马里极端主义分子实施的无人机导弹打击行动。来自中东、欧洲、拉丁美洲和亚洲的15个国家四分之三受访者持这种看法。

只有三个国家的大多数受访者支持无人机作战计划——以色列（64％）、肯尼亚（56％）和美国自己（61％）。在美国，共和党人（69％）更倾向于支持这项政策，独立党派（60％）和民主党人（59％）也表示支持。

澳大利亚、加拿大和德国对这个问题的态度不甚明朗。德国对美国无人机作战计划的支持率从2012年的38％上升到45％。尽管法国总体反对无人机，但支持率也从去年的37％上升到今年的45％。



法国、德国和西班牙在这个问题上的意识形态观点有很大差别，政党右派比左派更支持美国的无人机作战计划。



很多国家两性之间对无人机的态度也有显著的区别。例如41％的日本男性支持无人机，只有10％的日本女性支持。6个欧洲国家和澳大利亚、加拿大、美国、朝鲜，以及乌干达的两性支持比有两位数的差距。

美国的文化和思想



在所有参与调查的非洲国家中，公众都比较欢迎美国软实力的核心因素。大部分拉丁美洲国家也是如此，尽管阿根廷、玻利维亚和委内瑞拉对于美国的软实力不是特别感兴趣。

美国的科学技术是提升其国际形象的关键因素。所有拉丁美洲国家的大部分受访者和6个非洲国家都对美国的科技进步表示敬仰。

美国的音乐、电影和电视也广受欢迎。唯一一个不到半数受访者喜欢美国流行文化的国家是乌干达，47％的人持此观点。

美国做生意的方式比较受非洲人的欢迎，但拉丁美洲人观点不一。萨尔瓦多、巴西、智利和墨西哥超过一半的受访者喜欢美国式的生意，但只有44％的玻利维亚人、42％的委内瑞拉人和35％的阿根廷人表示喜欢。



同样，美国人的民主理念在非洲很受欢迎，但拉丁美洲国家不大喜欢，萨尔瓦多和巴西是仅有的大多数人喜欢美国式民主的两个国家。但相比于2007年的数据，3个拉丁美洲国家对美国式民主的兴趣越来越高，乌干达和肯尼亚也呈现出向美国式民主靠拢的趋势。

即使在那些对美国印象不错的国家中，也存在着对美国影响力的担心。只有44％的乌干达人和37％的加纳人认为美国的习俗和理念对他们国家的渗透是件好事，持此观点的阿根廷人、玻利维亚人、智利人和委内瑞拉人只占全部受访者的三分之一。

塞内加尔、肯尼亚、南非、尼日利亚、萨尔瓦多和巴西的大部分受访者都欢迎美国文化的扩张。

在所有有关美国文化的问题中，年轻人表现出更加正面的态度，尤其是针对美国的流行文化。例如，18岁到29岁的玻利维亚受访者中，有72％喜欢美国的音乐、电影和电视，30岁到49岁的人群中只有51％喜欢，50岁以上的人群中只有32％喜欢。同样的差异也出现在塞内加尔，30岁以下的受访者中有77％喜欢美国流行文化，30岁到49岁人群中有59％的人喜欢，50岁以上的人群只有33％喜欢。

美国的经济援助



所有参与调查的撒哈拉南部非洲国家，都认为美国所提供的经济援助有积极的作用。6个非洲国家的大部分受访者都认为美国的经济援助对他们国家产正了积极的正面效果，肯尼亚、加纳和乌干达持这种观点的人占据了六成以上。

然而在埃及和巴基斯坦这两个接收美国经济援助的大国，他们对此的态度与非洲国家截然相反。55％的埃及人说美国的经济援助带来的主要是负面效果，43％的巴基斯坦人也持这种观点，只有8％的受访者说有正面效果。


原文：

Chapter 1. Attitudes toward the United States

America’s Global Image Remains More Positive than China’s

Overall, global attitudes toward America are positive. In 28 of 38 nations, half or more of those surveyed express a favorable opinion of the U.S.

Europeans generally give the U.S. high ratings, especially in Italy, where 76% now have a positive view of America, up from 74% last year and 53% in 2007. Greece is the only European country polled where fewer than half offer a positive assessment of the U.S.

In both France and Germany, ratings for the U.S. are much higher today than they were during President George W. Bush’s tenure, but they have also declined somewhat since 2009, the first year of Barack Obama’s presidency.

About eight-in-ten Israelis (83%) have a favorable opinion of the U.S., although there are large differences between the country’s Jewish (90% favorable) and Arab (42%) communities. Elsewhere in the Middle East, ratings are much more negative. Less than one-in-five Palestinians, Egyptians, and Jordanians offer a favorable opinion. Tunisians are somewhat more positive (42%), as are Lebanese (47%). In Lebanon, however, views differ considerably among Lebanese Sunni Muslims (66% favorable), Christians (56%), and Shia Muslims (9%). The U.S. continues to receive largely negative ratings in Turkey, although the percentage of Turks with a positive view of the U.S. has risen six percentage points since last year.

Balance of Power45The U.S. receives largely positive ratings in most of the nations surveyed in the Asia/Pacific region. This is especially true in the Philippines, South Korea, Japan, and Australia, where about two-thirds or more hold this view. The U.S. also gets mostly favorable marks in the predominantly Muslim nations of Indonesia and Malaysia. In Malaysia, where positive views of the U.S. have more than doubled since the last time Pew Research polled there in 2007, the minority Buddhist community (72% favorable) expresses more positive attitudes than the country’s Muslim population (46%).

There are, however, two exceptions in Asia: China and Pakistan. Chinese attitudes have changed significantly over the past three years – in 2010, 58% had a favorable opinion of the U.S., compared with 40% now. Meanwhile, anti-Americanism has been widespread in Pakistan in recent years, and today just 11% have a favorable view.

The U.S. receives mostly favorable ratings in Latin America, particularly in El Salvador, Brazil, Chile and Mexico. Brazilians and Mexicans have become notably more positive toward the U.S. in just the past year. Even in Bolivia and Venezuela, two countries where national leaders have regularly engaged in anti-American rhetoric over the past few years, the U.S. on balance gets positive marks, although in both countries ratings are higher among people on the political right than among those on the left. The exception in Latin America is Argentina, where just 41% express a favorable view, although this is still much more positive than the 16% registered in 2007.

As has been the case in previous years, Africans overwhelmingly offer favorable assessments of the U.S. In all six sub-Saharan African nations polled, roughly seven-in-ten or more see America in a positive light. This includes the four largely Christian nations of Uganda, Ghana, Kenya and South Africa, as well as predominantly Muslim Senegal. In Nigeria, where the population is almost evenly divided between Christians and Muslims, majorities of both groups have a favorable opinion of the U.S., although this view is more common among Christians (82%) than Muslims (57%).

Young People Give U.S. Higher Marks

In many of the nations surveyed, people under age 30 are especially likely to have a positive view of America. This is particularly true in Turkey, where 38% of 18- to 29-year-olds give the U.S. a favorable rating, compared with just 8% of Turks age 50 and older.

Half of those under age 30 in China have a favorable view, compared with just 27% among people 50 and older. Similarly, in Malaysia there is a 21 percentage point gap between 18-to 29-year-olds and those 50 and older. Double-digit age gaps also appear in a variety of countries from Europe, the Middle East, Latin America and Africa.

In several nations, the college educated also express more positive attitudes toward the U.S. For example, 60% of Chinese with a college degree give the U.S. a positive rating, compared with just 39% of those with less education. In Russia, 60% of people with a college degree express a favorable opinion, while just 48% hold this view among those who have not graduated from college. There are also double-digit education gaps in Pakistan, Venezuela and Tunisia.

Rating the American People

Attitudes toward the American people are highly correlated with overall views of the U.S. In 29 of 38 countries, at least half of those surveyed express a favorable opinion of Americans. Three-in-four or more hold this view in a diverse set of nations: the Philippines, Ghana, South Korea, Israel, Senegal, Kenya and El Salvador.

Ratings are lowest among the predominantly Muslim publics of Pakistan, Turkey, the Palestinian territories, Jordan and Egypt. However, it is worth noting that the American people receive significantly higher ratings than the U.S. in general among both Egyptians (Americans 32% favorable, U.S. 16%) and Jordanians (Americans 31%, U.S. 14%).

China is the only other country where more than half (54%) express an unfavorable opinion of the American people.

Many See U.S. as Partner

When asked whether they think of the U.S. as a partner to their country, an enemy, or neither, clear majorities in 22 nations say it is a partner. And the U.S. is seen as an enemy by clear majorities or pluralities in only four of the nations included in the survey.

Seeing America as a partner is especially common in Africa, where majorities in all six nations surveyed hold this view. Majorities in five of the eight EU countries polled also describe the U.S. as a partner. However, only 30% of Greeks express this opinion, while roughly one-in-five (22%) say the U.S. is an enemy.

Russians are closely divided: 31% consider the U.S. a partner, but nearly as many (26%) see it as an enemy, and 35% believe it is neither.

Among Middle Eastern nations, only Israelis think of the U.S. as a partner (90% hold this view). In contrast, 76% of Palestinians consider the U.S. an enemy, the highest percentage among the nations surveyed. Nearly half of Turks (49%) see America as an enemy, as do 46% of Lebanese. But views in Lebanon vary considerably among the country’s religious communities, with 86% of Shias, 38% of Christians, and 25% of Sunnis describing the U.S. as an enemy.

Majorities in five of seven Asia/Pacific nations think of the U.S. as a partner, and, with one major exception, very few say it is an enemy. The exception is Pakistan, where 64% describe America as an enemy.

In Latin America, most Salvadorans, Brazilians, Chileans and Mexicans consider the U.S. a partner. About a third express this view in Argentina and Bolivia, although in both nations, people are more likely to think of the U.S. as a partner than as an enemy. Venezuelans are divided, however, with roughly equal numbers saying partner and enemy.

In China, where a different version of the question was asked, 32% describe the relationship between the U.S. and China as one of cooperation, down sharply from 68% in 2010. Today, 23% say the relationship is one of hostility, up from 8% three years ago. About one-in-three (31%) say it is neither cooperative nor hostile, and 15% have no opinion.

Does the U.S. Listen to Other Countries?

Around the world, many believe the U.S. acts in its own self-interest in global affairs, ignoring other countries. Majorities throughout nearly all of the European and Middle Eastern nations polled say America does not consider the interests of countries like theirs when making foreign policy decisions.

Germany and Israel are the exceptions in these two regions. Germans are almost evenly divided between those who think the U.S. considers other nations and those who do not believe this. Meanwhile, 69% of Israelis say the U.S. considers their interests.

Opinions are divided in Asia. Filipinos overwhelming think the U.S. considers their interests, and on balance, Indonesians and Chinese tend to agree. Views are split in Malaysia, while the Japanese, South Koreans, Australians and Pakistanis believe the U.S. acts unilaterally.

Throughout the African nations surveyed, most think the U.S. considers their interests, and at least half say the same in four of the seven Latin American countries polled. However, most Bolivians, Chileans and Argentines believe the U.S. does not consider their interests.

For their part, Americans see this issue quite differently: 70% say their country does take into account the interests of other nations when it is making decisions about foreign policy.

Drone Strikes Widely Unpopular

In most of the nations polled, there continues to be extensive opposition to the American drone campaign against extremist leaders and organizations. In 31 nations, at least half disapprove of the U.S. conducting drone missile strikes targeting extremists in places such as Pakistan, Yemen and Somalia. At least three-in-four hold this view in 15 countries from all corners of the world, including nations from the Middle East, Europe, Latin America and Asia.

The only three countries where majorities support the drone campaign are Israel (64% approve), Kenya (56%), and the U.S. itself (61%). In the U.S., Republicans (69% approve) are especially likely to endorse this policy, although most independents (60%) and Democrats (59%) also approve.

Opinions on this issue are essentially divided in Australia, Canada and Germany. German support for U.S. drone attacks has actually risen slightly since last year – today, 45% approve, compared with 38% in 2012. Although most in France still oppose the drone strikes, support has also increased there, rising from 37% last year to 45% now.

In France, Germany and Spain, there are sharp ideological divisions on this issue, with those on the political right far more supportive of U.S. drone strikes than those on the left side of the political spectrum.

Views about drones also differ sharply along gender lines in many countries. For instance, in Japan, 41% of men approve of the drone attacks, compared with just 10% of women. Double digit gender gaps are also found in six of the eight EU nations polled, as well as Australia, Canada, the U.S., South Korea and Uganda.

American Culture and Ideas

Across the African nations surveyed, publics embrace key elements of American soft power. And throughout much of Latin America, people tend to agree, although U.S. soft power has somewhat less appeal in Argentina, Bolivia and Venezuela.

America’s achievements in science and technology are a particularly strong aspect of its international image. Solid majorities in all seven Latin American countries and all six African nations polled admire the U.S. for its scientific and technological advances.

American music, movies and television are also widely popular. The only nation surveyed in which less than half say they like American pop culture is Uganda, where just under half (47%) hold this view.

In Africa, U.S. ways of doing business are very popular, but reviews are more mixed in Latin America. At least half of Salvadorans, Brazilians, Chileans and Mexicans like American-style business, but only 44% of Bolivians, 42% of Venezuelans, and 35% of Argentines do.

Similarly, American ideas about democracy are popular in Africa but have less appeal in Latin America. El Salvador and Brazil are the only countries in the region where majorities say they like U.S. ideas about democracy. But American-style democracy is more popular today in the three Latin American countries where trends are available from 2007. The appeal of these ideas is also stronger today in Uganda and Kenya.

Even in countries where many aspects of America’s image are popular, there are concerns about the reach of U.S. influence. Just 44% of Ugandans and 37% of Ghanaians think it is a good thing that U.S. ideas and customs are spreading to their country. Only about a third of Argentines, Bolivians, Chileans and Venezuelans hold this opinion.

Still, most in Senegal, Kenya, South Africa and Nigeria welcome the spread of American culture, as do most in El Salvador and Brazil.

Across all of these questions about American culture and ideas, young people regularly express more positive attitudes. This is especially true regarding impressions of U.S. pop culture. For instance, 72% of 18- to 29-year-old Bolivians like American music, movies and television, compared with 51% of 30- to 49-year-olds and 32% of people 50 and older. There is a similar age gap in Senegal, where 77% of those under age 30 like U.S. pop culture, while 59% of 30- to 49-year-olds and 33% of those 50 and older agree.

U.S. Economic Aid

Throughout the sub-Saharan African countries surveyed, the U.S. receives positive marks for the economic assistance it provides. At least half in all six countries say American economic aid is having a mostly positive impact on their countries, and more than six-in-ten hold this view in Kenya, Ghana and Uganda.

However, in Egypt and Pakistan, two nations that are major recipients of U.S. assistance, evaluations are very different. A 55% majority of Egyptians say American economic aid is having a mostly negative effect on their country. In Pakistan, 43% think the impact is mostly negative, while just 8% say it is positive.

paoding

虽说其实是付费的调查工作，皮尤这么多年来貌似努力的工作送到华盛顿却也还是不敌皮条客们的口水有力量啊，俺们这些免费阅读的人到可能从设计过的问题中看出点设计外的价值，呵呵，当然，看出来也基本上没啥用，因为这世界确实还是华盛顿的说客及政客们认为的丛林世界，牛羊等猎物们的意见重要与否是可以任意选择的，、、、

沐霜

paoding

哦，昨天忘了感谢楼主收集翻译资料了，楼主辛苦了、、、

Pentium_5

沐霜 发表于 2014-3-18 19:27

西方版本的《参考消息》

沐霜

Pentium_5 发表于 2014-3-19 21:09
西方版本的《参考消息》

适合桃花源里的人观赏

lw52

我想说假如有1天美国成为2流国家 ，他的盟友，谁会出来第1个反他。。日本。