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【中文标题】美国与中国：第五章，尊重个人自由（完）
【原文标题】Chapter 5. Respect for Personal Freedoms
【登载媒体】皮尤调查
【原文链接】http://www.pewglobal.org/2013/07/18/united-states-and-china-the-image-of-the-globes-two-superpowers/
在对待其人民的方式的问题上，美国政府得到了大部分正面的印象。当受访者被问到，美国、中国、沙特阿拉伯和伊朗是否尊重其人民的自由权利时，美国政府得到了最高的分数，所有参与调查国家中70％的受访者说美国政府尊重人民的自由。中国（36％）、沙特阿拉伯（18％）和伊朗（11％）政府远远落在后面。
大部分人认为美国尊重个人自由
37个参与调查国家的大部分受访者认为美国政府尊重个人自由权利，这其中包括欧洲、非洲、拉丁美洲和亚太区的大部分国家。在这个问题上给美国打出最高分数的是菲律宾（91％）和韩国（90％），八成以上受访者支持这种观点的国家有黎巴嫩（87％）、日本（85％）、以色列（83％）、意大利（82％）、德国（81％）和法国（80％）。
很多国家的数据与皮尤在2008年乔治•W•布什政府任期的最后阶段所做的调查相比，这方面的分数有显著提升。最大的改变来自于黎巴嫩，认为美国尊重人民权利的人数比2008年上升了32个百分点，而且黎巴嫩所有三个主要宗教派别（基督教、逊尼派和什叶派）都有两位数的提升。
出现两位数上升的国家还有西班牙（＋20）、阿根廷（＋16）、法国（＋15）、德国（＋11）和印度尼西亚（＋11），巴基斯坦（＋9）、澳大利亚（＋7）、英国（＋6）和南非（＋6）也有所提升。
即使在那些对美国整体印象不佳的国家中，美国政府在尊重个人自由方面也得到了高分。例如，尽管只有11％的巴基斯坦人对美国有好印象，但依然有54％的人说美国政府尊重个人自由权利。只有约旦（49％）、土耳其（48％）、中国（48％）和埃及（45％）不到一半的人说美国尊重自由权利。
有趣的是，美国人对自己政府的人权自由记录颇为苛刻。只有大约七成美国人（69％）说美国政府尊重人民的权利，还有一部分人（28％）说政府不尊重个人自由。而且，美国自己是唯一一个对美国政府评分下降的国家（－6）。
中国对基本权利的尊重
与美国相比，中国政府在对待人民问题上的得分要低很多。在所有参与调查的国家中，36％的人认为中国政府尊重人民的自由权利，只有13个国家的多数受访者持这种观点。
所有的北美和欧盟国家都认为个人自由权利在中国没有得到尊重，这其中包括德国（87％）、法国（86％）、西班牙（84％）和意大利（82％）。但是，俄罗斯有47％的受访者认为中国政府尊重人民的权利。
中东地区的观点并不一致，有超过一半的黎巴嫩人（68％）、巴勒斯坦人（58％）和突尼斯人（53％）说中国尊重个人自由，但是约旦、埃及、以色列和土耳其持这种观点的人不到一半。
在亚洲，穆斯林国家的大多数受访者认为中国尊重人民的权利，包括巴基斯坦（65％）、印度尼西亚（60％）和马来西亚（57％）。菲律宾人的观点有严重分歧，51％的人说中国尊重人民的自由，44％的人说不尊重。日本（88％）、澳大利亚（74％）和韩国（68％）大部分人都对中国在这个问题上的记录不看好。
拉丁美洲的调查结果更加复杂，很多人对此都没有发表意见。委内瑞拉（52％）给中国打出的分数最高，阿根廷（26％）和智利（25％）给出的分数最低。非洲国家总体对中国在这个问题上的印象是正面的，大约六成的尼日利亚人（63％）、塞内加尔人（59％）认可中国对待人民的方式。
与2008年比较，一些国家对中国的信心在不断提升，包括黎巴嫩（上升20个百分点）、俄罗斯（上升8个百分点）、法国（上升7个百分点）、南非（上升7个百分点）和波兰（上升7个百分点）。
对沙特阿拉伯的看法
沙特阿拉伯政府在人民自由权利方面的得分比较低，只有7个国家的多数受访者认为沙特政府尊重个人权利，占全部国家受访者的18％。
北美和欧洲对沙特政府的负面态度尤其明显，拉丁美洲和以色列也普遍不看好沙特。
在穆斯林国家，大部分的巴基斯坦人（65％）、塞内加尔人（63％）、约旦人（60％）、埃及人（59％）和尼日利亚人（55％）说沙特政府尊重人权。马来西亚的态度比较温和（46％），很多人没有对此发表意见。但是在黎巴嫩、土耳其、巴勒斯坦和突尼斯，沙特政府得到的是负面评价，超过一半的受访者不认为沙特尊重人民的权利。
与2008年相比，沙特政府对公民权利的态度没有太大的改变。但是黎巴嫩的正面评价有所下降（下降41个百分点），因为黎巴嫩什叶派对逊尼派沙特阿拉伯人的信心下降了78个百分点。德国对沙特政府的态度也有两位数的下降（下降11个百分点）。
伊朗对人权的尊重
大部分国家的多数受访者认为伊朗政府不尊重人民的个人自由权利，只有11％的受访者认为伊朗尊重人民的自由。
对伊朗的批评声音主要来自欧洲和北美，至少有四分之三的受访者说伊朗不尊重人民的基本自由权利。
中东的大部分人对伊朗的人权记录持怀疑态度。大约九成的以色列人（91％）说德黑兰不尊重人民的权利，土耳其（68％）、埃及（66％）和约旦（61％）六成以上的受访者也持这种观点。
大约六成黎巴嫩人说伊朗不尊重个人自由，但不同派别的意见差异巨大。大约四分之三的黎巴嫩逊尼派（76％）和基督教徒（72％）说伊朗政府不尊重个人权利，但是73％的黎巴嫩什叶派说伊朗政府的确在保护什叶派人民的基本权利。
在拉丁美洲，所有参与调查国家的大部分受访者认为伊朗政府不保护伊朗人民的权利。
非洲的观点不甚明确。总体来说，大部分受访者认为伊朗政府不尊重个人权利，但是有很多人没有发表意见。
亚洲国家对伊朗的人权态度并不一致。澳大利亚（81％）、韩国（75％）、日本（69％）和菲律宾（59％）的大部分受访者说伊朗不尊重人民的权利。中国的观点比较复杂，穆斯林国家印度尼西亚和马来西亚的态度也不明朗。巴基斯坦是唯一一个大多数受访者说德黑兰尊重人民权利的国家（57％）。
原文：
The U.S. government receives largely positive reviews for how it treats its own people. When respondents are asked whether the U.S., China, Saudi Arabia and Iran respect the personal freedoms of their people, the U.S. government achieves the highest ratings, with a median of 70% across the countries surveyed saying the American government respects the freedoms of its people. The governments of China (36%), Saudi Arabia (18%) and Iran (11%) do not fare as well.
Most Say U.S. Respects Personal Freedoms
Pluralities to majorities in 37 of the 39 nations surveyed say the U.S. government respects the personal freedoms of its people.2 This includes large majorities across Europe, Africa and much of Latin America and the Asia/Pacific region. The highest ratings for the U.S. on this question come from the Philippines (91%) and South Korea (90%). And at least eight-in-ten hold this view in Lebanon (87%), Japan (85%), Israel (83%), Italy (82%), Germany (81%) and France (80%).
In many countries, there has been significant improvement on evaluations of the U.S. since a spring 2008 Pew Research poll taken during the final months of the George W. Bush administration. The biggest change is in Lebanon, where those saying the U.S. respects its people’s rights has jumped 32 percentage points since 2008, with double-digit increases among all three of Lebanon’s main religious groups (Christians, Sunnis and Shia).
There have also been double-digit gains in Spain (+20), Argentina (+16), France (+15), Germany (+11) and Indonesia (+11). Additional gains were seen in Pakistan (+9), Australia (+7), Britain (+6) and South Africa (+6).
Even in many nations where overall ratings for the U.S. are low, the American government receives high marks for respecting individual liberties. For example, even though only 11% of Pakistanis have a favorable opinion of the U.S., 54% say the U.S. government respects the personal freedoms of its people. Only in Jordan (49%), Turkey (48%), China (48%) and Egypt (45%) do less than half say the U.S. respects these rights.
Interestingly, the American people themselves are more critical of their own government’s record on individual freedoms. Only about seven-in-ten Americans (69%) say the U.S. government respects its own people’s rights, with a significant minority (28%) saying the government does not respect these freedoms. Additionally, the only country where evaluations of the U.S. government have declined is America itself (-6).
China’s Respect for Basic Rights
Compared with the U.S., the government of China receives much lower ratings for how it treats its citizens. Across the nations polled, a median of 36% say the Chinese government respects the personal freedoms of its people. Majorities or pluralities hold this view in only 13 countries.
Throughout North America and the European Union, large majorities, including more than eight-in-ten in Germany (87%), France (86%), Spain (84%) and Italy (82%), believe individual freedoms are not respected in China. However, in Russia, a 47% plurality says China’s government respects the rights of its people.
Views are more mixed in the Middle East, with more than half in Lebanon (68%), the Palestinian territories (58%) and Tunisia (53%) saying China respects personal freedoms, but less than half saying this in Jordan, Egypt, Israel and Turkey.
In Asia, clear majorities in the predominantly Muslim countries of Pakistan (65%), Indonesia (60%) and Malaysia (57%) think China respects the rights of its people. In the Philippines, views are divided, with 51% saying China respects its people’s freedoms and 44% saying it does not. Large majorities in Japan (88%), Australia (74%) and South Korea (68%) have a dim view of China’s record on this issue.
Evaluations are more mixed in Latin America, with many people not offering an opinion. Ratings for the Chinese government are highest in Venezuela (52%) and lowest in Argentina (26%) and Chile (25%). Assessments are generally positive in Africa, with about six-in-ten Nigerians (63%) and Senegalese (59%) approving of China’s treatment of its own people.
Since 2008, positive evaluations have become more common in a few countries, notably Lebanon (+20 percentage points), as well as Russia (+8), France (+7), South Africa (+7) and Poland (+7).
Views of Saudi Arabia
Evaluations of the Saudi Arabian government’s record on personal freedoms are low. In only seven countries do a plurality or majority say the Saudi government respects the personal freedoms of its people, with an overall median of just 18% saying this across the countries surveyed.
Opinions of the Saudi regime’s treatment of its own people are especially low in North America and the EU. Negative evaluations are also common in Latin America and Israel.
Of the predominantly Muslim nations surveyed, clear majorities in Pakistan (65%), Senegal (63%), Jordan (60%), Egypt (59%) and Nigeria (55%) say the Saudi government values human rights. Views are less positive in Malaysia (46%), with many not offering an opinion. However, in Lebanon, Turkey, the Palestinian territories and Tunisia, assessments of the Saudi government are decidedly negative, with half or more saying the government does not value the rights of its people.
Views of the Saudi government’s commitment to citizens’ rights are mostly unchanged among the countries surveyed in 2008 and 2013, but positive evaluations have plummeted in Lebanon (-41 percentage points), with Lebanese Shia views of predominantly Sunni Saudi Arabia dropping 78 percentage points. Positive assessments of the Saudi regime have also fallen by double digits in Germany (-11).
Iran’s Respect for Rights
Majorities in most countries surveyed say the government of Iran does not respect the personal freedoms of its people, with a median of only 11% saying Iran respects its people’s freedoms.
Criticism of Tehran’s rights record is most pronounced in the EU and North America, where at least three-quarters of those surveyed say Iran does not respect the basic freedoms of its citizens.
In the Middle East, most are skeptical of Iran’s rights record, with roughly nine-in-ten Israelis (91%) saying Tehran does not respect the rights of citizens, and at least six-in-ten agreeing in Turkey (68%), Egypt (66%) and Jordan (61%).
About six-in-ten Lebanese (61%) also say Iran does not respect personal freedoms, but there is a religious divide. Around three-quarters of Lebanese Sunnis (76%) and Christians (72%) say the Iranian regime does not respect individual rights, but 73% of Lebanese Shia say that the Iranian government does protect the basic rights of its predominantly Shia people.
In Latin America, half or more in all seven countries surveyed agree that the Iranian government does not protect the rights of Iranians.
Views are more mixed in Africa. On balance, most of the publics surveyed tend to believe the Iranian government does not respect personal freedoms, however many do not offer an evaluation.
Assessments of Iran’s rights record vary in Asia, with majorities in Australia (81%), South Korea (75%), Japan (69%) and the Philippines (59%) saying Iran does not respect its people’s rights. Opinion is more mixed in China, as well as the predominantly Muslim nations of Indonesia and Malaysia. Pakistan is the one country surveyed where a majority (57%) says that Tehran does respect the rights of its citizens.
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