【华盛顿邮报20140612】夺取伊拉克之战的人物库

独秀文译青年

【中文标题】夺取伊拉克之战的人物库

【原文标题】Who’s who in the battle forIraq
【刊登媒体】The Washington Post
【原文作者】ISHAAN THAROOR

【原文链接】http://www.washingtonpost.com

【声明】本翻译供Anti-CNN使用，未经AC或译者许可，不得转载。

【正文】

Iraq is disintegrating. The astonishing gainsmade by ISIS, an al-Qaeda-linked jihadist group that has grown

in strength amidthe chaos of Syria's civil war, now sees extremist Islamist militiasthreatening even the capital of Baghdad.

On Tuesday, ISIS fighters overran Mosul, Iraq'ssecond largest city, which could become a strategic linchpin

in the group'squest to carve its own Islamic state out of modern day Syria and Iraq.

Hundreds of thousands havebeen displaced by the violence in the space of days.

伊拉克正土崩瓦解。“伊拉克和大叙利亚伊斯兰国” (IslamicState of Iraq and al Shams，缩写为ISIS)

是一个与基地组织有联系的圣战组织，其力量在叙利亚内战的混乱之中得到增长，该组织收获颇丰，

其伊斯兰武装组织（Islamist militias）甚至威胁着伊拉克首都巴格达。周二，伊拉克和大叙利亚伊斯兰国侵占了摩苏尔（Mosul），

这是伊拉克的第二大城市，该城市可能会成为该组织试图根据现今的叙利亚以及伊拉克来开创其自身的伊斯兰国的战略关键。

数日之内，成千上万的人便已经被转移了。

As ISISfighters occupy a host of cities, other factions are also entering the fray.Kurdish militias seized

the long-contested oil-city of Kirkukon Thursday, while Iran,with close ties to the pro-Shiite government in Baghdad,

sent in two battalions of its crackRevolutionary Guards to help beat the jihadists back.

The conflict hasdangerously exposed once more Iraq'stroubled sectarian divides.

Here’s WorldViews’s primer on some of thekey characters in the battle for Iraq.
随着伊拉克和大叙利亚伊斯兰国攻占了诸多城市，其它派系也奋起斗争。库尔德民兵于周二拿下了处于长期抗争之中的石油城——

基尔库克，而伊朗（伊朗与位于巴格达的前什叶派政府有着紧密联系）派遣了两支其最好的革命护卫队来协助打退伊斯兰圣战者.

这次冲突再次更危险地暴露了伊拉克混乱不安的宗派分歧。以下是世界观（WorldViews）关于一些夺取伊拉克的关键角色的初级知识。

ISIS: The jihadist group, according to my colleague LizSly, has a fighting force that is probably larger than the 10,000 or so membersestimated in most reports. They are well-armed and have boosted their arsenalafter looting equipment from Mosul'smain army bases. In every city they overrun, ISISfrees hundreds of prison inmates, some of whom may be like-minded militants.
伊拉克和大叙利亚伊斯兰国：据我的同事利兹·斯莱（Liz Sly）所述，该圣战组织拥有一个规模很可能比大多数报道所估计的大约

10000人还要多。他们武装精良，在从摩苏尔（Mosul）的主要陆军基地夺取设备过来之后，他们增强了自身的军械库。

在他们所侵占的每一座城市里，伊拉克和大叙利亚伊斯兰国释放了数以百计的囚犯，其中一些人或许是志趣相投的激进分子。

Reports on Wednesday suggested that ISIS's ranksmay have grown after collaboration with militias connected

to the old Baathistregime of fallen dictator Saddam Hussein; they played a role in ISIS's reported capture of Tikrit,

Hussein's home town. ISIS appears to be well-funded, benefiting from the sameshadow networks of donors

in the Arab world who funded al-Qaeda as well as thewidespread practice of extortion, kidnapping  and other criminalactivities.
据周三的报告显示，在和与萨达姆·侯赛因（伊拉克前总统）的旧叙利亚社会党政权相关联的民兵取得合作后，

伊拉克和大叙利亚伊斯兰国的士兵或许已经得到了增加；伊拉克和大叙利亚伊斯兰国曾报道侵占了提克里特（Tikrit，侯赛因的故乡），

而这有一部分功劳归于这些士兵。伊拉克和大叙利亚伊斯兰国似乎资金充足，获益于阿拉伯世界的阴影网络，

阿拉伯为基地组织提供基金，也为泛滥成灾的勒索、绑架及其它犯罪活动提供基金。

Iraqi army: The Iraqi army in Mosulwilted in the face of the ISIS assault.Despite billions of dollars spent by the United States in training thepost-Hussein army, it suffers from poor organization and morale. Two Iraqidivisions -- an estimated 30,000 troops -- stationed near Mosulreportedly ran from an initial ISIS offensivethat may have numbered just 800 men. The divisive ruleof

the Shiite-dominated government in Baghdadhas, in part, been blamed for the hopeless security situation

in the country'sSunni-majority areas. The units that retreated, shorn of uniforms and much oftheir armaments,

will have to reassemble with reinforcements from Baghdad, but that may be difficult, given the number ofbattles

the government is already fighting with ISISaround towns nearer to the capital. Iraqi helicopters and

fighter jets havestruck ISIS positions across the country, but the militants are stillreportedly advancing closer to Baghdad.
伊拉克军队：面临伊拉克和大叙利亚伊斯兰国的袭击，位于摩苏尔的伊拉克军队变弱了。

尽管美国花费了数十亿美元来训练后侯赛姆军队，但是这只军队组织欠佳、士气低落。

两支伊拉克军队——估计有30000部队——驻扎在摩苏尔，据报道称，该军队当初因伊拉克和大叙利亚伊斯兰国的一次攻击而组织起来，

开始只有800人。由什叶派统治的巴格达政府没有希望能够保证伊拉克的逊尼派教徒居多数的地区的安全，因而应受谴责。

撤退了的部队，由于制服和许多军备被剥夺了，将不得不重新跟来自巴格达的增援部队进行组合，

但是，考虑到政府已经跟伊拉克和大叙利亚伊斯兰国在靠近巴格达的城镇周围打过的战斗数量，这可能有难度。

伊拉克直升机及战斗机已经袭击了该国之内的伊拉克和大叙利亚伊斯兰国军队阵地，但是据报道称，民兵依旧向巴格达靠得更近了。

Kurds: The autonomous government in the Iraqi region ofKurdistan has rallied its own forces, known as the pesh merga,

to combat ISIS. Although the Kurds have had an adversarialrelationship with Baghdad for quite some time, reports suggest

that they arenow more closely coordinating efforts to counter ISIS. The pesh merga have longeyed Mosul,which has

a significant Kurdish population and lucrative oil fields. They possesssome light armored vehicles as well as artillery and

will probably be the keyto winning back Mosul.That, as the Checkpoint blog notes, could in the long run lead to

renewedKurdish claims and further tensions with Baghdad.Kurdish fighters raised their flag over Kirkukon Thursday, a grim sign of Iraq'sgradual partitioning.
库尔德人：位于库尔德斯坦伊拉克地区的自治政府已经集结了自身的兵力（被称为“自由斗士”），

以对抗伊拉克和大叙利亚伊斯兰国。虽然库尔德人与巴格达有相当长的一段时间内保持着敌对关系，但是报道显示，

他们现在更加紧密地团结一致、对抗伊拉克和大叙利亚伊斯兰国。自由斗士已经注意摩苏尔很久了，

摩苏尔拥有显著的库尔德人口以及有利可图的油田。他们拥有一些轻型装甲车辆以及火炮，且很可能会是夺回摩苏尔的关键力量。

据关卡博客显示，这终究会导致库尔德人的索赔以及与巴格达更加紧张的局势。库尔德战士于周二在基尔库克举起了他们的旗帜，

这是伊拉克逐渐分割的一个无情标志。

Prime Minister Nourial-Maliki: Iraq's premier rose to prominence in the wake of the U.S.invasion and,

as a leader of a prominent Shiite political party, assembled thegovernment in 2006. He has managed to remain in power since,

but presides overa deeply polarized political landscape. Critics accuse Maliki's government ofmarginalizing the country's Sunnis while strengthening his Shiite politicalbase. As a result, the security situation in predominantly Sunni areas hasunraveled to the point that vast stretches of the country have slipped out of Baghdad's hands.
努里·马利基总理：随着美国入侵伊拉克，伊拉克总理崛起，作为一位杰出的什叶派正当领导者，他于2006年集合了政府。

他成功地继续执政，但是主持着一个深陷两极化的政治格局。评论家斥责马利基教派（强调获取穆斯林孩子抚养权的非穆斯林，

不能给孩子伊斯兰所禁止的饮料和食物，如酒和猪肉）将伊拉克的逊尼派边缘化，却强化了自身的什叶派政治基地。

结果，占主导地位的逊尼派区域的安全形势不言而喻，伊拉克的广大土地轻轻松松地脱离了巴格达之手。

President JalalTalabani: The venerable Kurdishpolitician played a key role in establishing an autonomous Kurdish region innorthern Iraq.Since 2005, he has served as Iraq'spresident, and has had a testy relationship with Maliki.

贾拉勒·塔拉巴尼总统：这位可敬的库尔德政客在在伊拉克北部建立自治的库尔德政权中扮演了重要角色。自从2005年以来，

他一直担任伊拉克总统，与伊斯兰教中马利基教派关系不和。

Tariqal-Hashemi: Just a day after theofficial U.S.withdrawal in 2011, Maliki's government issued an arrest warrant for

thethen-Vice President Hashemi, the top Sunni politician at the time in thecountry. Hashemi, accused of crimes related to terrorism,

went into hiding. Thegovernment plunged into crisis and Iraq's Sunnis rose up in massprotests against Maliki.

Hashemi was later sentenced to death in absentia andremains a fugitive.
塔里克·哈希米：在美国于2001年正式撤退后的仅仅一天后，马利基教派便颁布了针对当时副总统哈希米的逮捕令，

其当时是伊拉克头等逊尼派政客。哈希米被控告犯有与恐怖主义相关的罪后便躲藏了起来。政府陷入危机，

且伊拉克逊尼派教徒全体起义，反对马利基教派。哈希米后来在缺席的情况下被判处死刑，且依旧是一位逃犯。

Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: The Iraqi-born leader of ISIS, who has a $10 million U.S. bounty onhis head, has been hailed as

"the new bin Laden" by Time magazine and,while a deadly ideologue, has managed to assemble an incredibly cohesive,

capable outfit that is well-funded and well-armed.
阿布·巴克尔·巴格达迪：这是一位出生于伊拉克的伊拉克和大叙利亚伊斯兰国领导者，自身拥有一千万美元赠款，

被《时代周刊》誉为“新本·拉登”，而且，当他还是一个顶呱呱的思想家时，便已经成功地集合了一支非常有结合力、

有能力的机构，该机构资金充足、武装精良。

Moqtada al-Sadr: The fiery Shiite cleric, once a thorn in the side ofthe U.S.'s occupying forces,announced a plan to muster

"Peace Brigades," or Shiite militiacharged with protecting communities and shrines vulnerable to ISIS'sadvance.

This gives the conflict an even more dangerous and sectarian edge,something the Sunni extremists in ISISprobably hoped to achieve.
什叶派牧师萨德尔：这是一位炽热的什叶派牧师，他曾经是美国占领军的一根刺，他宣布了一项计划，意欲召集“和平大部队”，

或者是说什叶派民兵，他们负责保护易受伊拉克和大叙利亚伊斯兰国攻击的社区以及圣地。这更加将冲突推上了风口浪尖之处，

而这很可能是伊拉克和大叙利亚伊斯兰国的逊尼派教徒极端分子希望达到的目的。

Turkey: ISIS has reportedly captured several Turkishdiplomats, as well as other Turks, in Mosul.It raises fears of a growing regional conflagration. Turkeyis in an awkward position: ISIS fighters in Syriahave routinely wound up in hospitals in Turkish border towns,

rumored to betolerated by Ankara because of their own battleswith Kurdish militias in Syria.Renewed protests and unrest in

Kurdish towns in Turkey make the situation all themore delicate.
土耳其：据报道称，伊拉克和大叙利亚伊斯兰国已经在摩苏尔捕获了土耳其的外交官以及其他土耳其人。

这引起了不断蔓延的区域性恐慌。土耳其处于尴尬之地：

Iran:The Shiite state will look upon developments in Iraqwith great concern. ISIS is a real foe, and its success in Syria and Iraqis an

existential challenge to two staunch allies of Tehran. Iran'sforeign minister on Wednesday promised Baghdadsupport in its fight against "terrorism." On Thursday, reportsemerged that two battalions of the Quds Force, the overseas wing of Iran'sRevolutionary Guards,

were in Iraq,helping the government battle ISIS. Accordingto the Wall Street Journal, a combined Iraqi and Iranian force

reclaimed partsof the city of Tikrit.
伊朗：什叶派政府将忧心忡忡地看待伊朗的进展。伊拉克和大叙利亚伊斯兰国是一个真正的反对者，

其在叙利亚和伊朗的成功是对德黑兰的两个忠诚盟友的挑战。伊朗外交部长于周三向巴格达承诺在其与“恐怖主义”的战斗中会提供支持。

周四，有报道称，圣城军的两支部队——伊朗革命卫队——在国外的羽翼——当时正处于伊朗，帮助政府与伊拉克和大叙利亚伊斯兰国作战。据《华尔街日报》称，伊拉克和伊朗的联军已经收复了提克里特市的一部分地区。

Army of the Men ofthe Naqshbandi Order: TheNaqshbandiya take their name from a Sufi Muslim order, but in reality there'snothing mystical about them. The Sunni jihadist militia counts a number offighters who were once affiliated with the Baathist regime of toppled dictatorSaddam Hussein. They have reportedly collaborated with ISISduring its recent march toward Bagdhad.

纳克什班迪教团成员军：纳克什班迪教团的名字取自一个苏菲派穆斯林队形，但是事实上，关于他们没有什么神秘之事可言。

逊尼派圣战民兵计算出大量的曾经隶属已被推翻的独裁者萨达姆·侯赛因的叙利亚社会党政权的战士。据报道称，

他们在最近向巴格达的进军中与伊拉克和大叙利亚伊斯兰国有过合作。


Asaib ahl al-Haq: A Shiite militia that was active during Iraq's hideous sectarian warring in 2006 and2007, it is mobilizing once more,

alongside other similar factions, to counterthe threat posed by ISIS.

Asaib ahl al-Haq：一支活跃于2006和2007年伊拉克派系斗争期间的什叶派民兵，现在又和其他相似的派系一起动员起来，

以对伊拉克和大叙利亚伊斯兰国进行还击

下个月

都是刽子手