【华盛顿邮报20140816】中国在藏提倡汉藏通婚以实现“团结”

独秀文译青年

【中文标题】中国在藏提倡汉藏通婚以实现“团结”

【原文标题】China promotes mixed marriages inTibet as way to achieve ‘unity’

【原文作者】William Wan、Xu Yangjingjing

【原文链接】http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/china-promotes-mixed-marriages-in-tibet-as-way-to-achieve-unity/2014/08/16/94409ca6-238e-11e4-86ca-6f03cbd15c1a_story.html

file:///C:/Users/ADMINI~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.jpg
Erja, center, and Baima, left, celebrate with guests duringtheir traditional Tibetan wedding near Danba, Sichuan Province Jan. 26, 2012. China hasturned to promoting interracial marriage in an apparent attempt to assimilateTibetans and stamp out rebellious impulses. (Carlos Barria / Reuters/REUTERS)

2012年1月26日，Erja（中）和Baima（左）在四川丹巴县附近举行藏族传统婚礼，图为这对新人在婚礼上与客人共同庆祝。中国政府致力于推动汉藏通婚，目的在于同化藏人和消除叛乱。（CarlosBarria/路透社）

BEIJING — During their controversialsix-decade-rule of Tibet, China’s CommunistParty leaders have been accused by human rights groups of trying to tame therestive region by imprisoning Tibetan political prisoners, keeping in exiletheir leader the Dalai Lama and repressingTibetan religion and culture.

北京讯——在对西藏具有争议的60年统治时间里，中国共产党领导被人权组织指控，理由是中共为了达到镇压西藏这片动荡地区的目的，监禁藏族政治囚犯、流放西藏精神领袖达赖喇嘛以及约束藏族宗教和文化的发展。

Now, China hasturned to interracial marriage in an apparent attempt to assimilate Tibetansand stamp out rebellious impulses.

如今，中国政府鼓励汉藏通婚，目的就是同化藏人和消除叛乱。

In recentweeks, Chinese officials in charge of the Tibetan Autonomous Region haveordered a run of storiesin local newspapers promoting mixedmarriages. And according to newly published government reports, the governmenthas adopted a series of policies in recent years favorable to interracialcouples.

近几周，西藏自治区的汉族官员在当地报刊整理了一系列旨在鼓励汉藏通婚的题材。从新发布的政府报告不难看出，中国近几年采取了一系列措施来促进汉藏通婚。

Urgingofficials to push mixed marriages harder, China’s highest official in the Tibetan region, Chen Quanguo, recentlystaged a photo op with 19 mixed families.

近日，西藏自治区党委书记陈全国举行了一次与19个汉藏通婚家庭的拍照仪式，以此鼓励官员更加努力地推动汉藏跨族婚姻的发展。

“As the saying goes, ‘blood is thicker than water,’ we should make our ethnic relationshiplike that,” Chen said at the meeting in June, according to the state-run TibetanDaily. The government must “activelypromote intermarriages.”

据国营《西藏日报》报道，陈全国在六月的会议上说：“俗话说‘血浓于水’，我们应该建立像那样和谐的民族关系。政府一定要积极地促进跨族婚姻。”

A Tibetan attends a traditional wedding at a village near Danba, SichuanProvince January 26, 2012. (© Carlos Barria / Reuters/REUTERS)

2012年1月26日一藏人正在参加四川丹巴县附近一村庄举行的藏族传统婚礼。

So far, thegovernment push has seen some success.

目前，中国政府在推动汉藏通婚方面的努力取得了一定的成效。

In a report publishedthis month celebrating such policies,the Communist Party’s research office in Tibet saidmixed marriages have increased annually by double-digit percentages for thepast five years, from 666 couples in 2008 to 4,795 couples in 2013.

在本月发布的一份颂扬汉藏通婚政策的报告中，中共西藏科研所称异族通婚夫妇在2008年到2013年间以每年两位数百分点的增速从666对增加到4795对。

Whileavoiding specifics, the report attributed the growth to favorable policies inareas such as social security, reproductive rights, vacations, prizes andspecial treatment for children born from such marriage, including education,employment and Communist Party membership.

该篇报告虽然没有给出细节，但把增长的总体原因归功为公共安全、生育权、假期和奖金等对藏优惠政策和对汉藏婚姻出生的孩子所受到的包括来自教育、就业和入党等对藏特殊待遇。

Thegovernment has focused on Tibetans marrying Han Chinese.

中国政府一直致力于汉藏通婚。

Tibet’s population is roughly 90 percentTibetan and 8 percent Han Chinese. Demographics for China as a whole is the reverse at92 percent Han Chinese and less than 1 percent Tibetan.

西藏的人口由大约90%的藏族人和8%的汉族人构成。相反，统计状况显示整个中国有92%的汉族人和只有不足1%的藏族人。

Thegovernment has sold the effort in state-run media as a way to achieve ethnicunity, but critics argue that its true aim is to further weaken Tibetanculture.

中国政府在国营媒体不遗余力地宣传汉藏通婚就是为了实现民族团结，但批评者认为其真正目的是进一步削弱藏族文化。

In a phoneinterview, Tibetan poet Tsering Woeser, an activist who has frequently clashedwith authorities, likened the promotion of intermarriage to the worst practicesof colonization.

在对茨仁唯色的电话采访中，这位民族问题讨论积极分子、藏族诗人认为，推广异族通婚就好比践行最恶劣的殖民地化。

   
Ethnic Tibetan women attend a traditional wedding near Danba, SichuanProvince January 26, 2012. (© Carlos Barria / Reuters)

2012年1月26日，藏族妇女参加一个在四川丹巴县附近村庄举行的传统婚礼。（卡洛斯·路透社）

There’s nothing objectionable about couplesfrom different backgrounds coming together naturally, she said. Woeser herselfis married to a Han Chinese, dissident writer Wang Lixiong. But when theauthorities use it as a tool and create policies to encourage it, she said, itfeels wrong.

她表示，来自不同背景的男女自自然然地喜结良缘无可厚非。唯色自己就嫁给了一个持不同政见的汉族男性作家王力雄。她说，在当局将异族通婚作为一种工具并且制定政策以促进这种婚姻发展的时候，这让人感觉不对劲。

She comparedit to Japanese police being encouraged to marry local women during Japan’s occupationof Taiwan.

日本侵占台湾期间，日本军方曾受到鼓励与台湾妇女结婚，她把日军这种行为比作中国异族通婚。

For weeks,government-run newspapers in Tibethave featured happy mixed couples in which the children love both cultures andequally speak Tibetan and Mandarin.

数周以来，西藏的政府报纸刊登了一些生活幸福的汉藏家庭，在这些家庭里面孩子们都同时热爱汉文化和藏文化，并同时能够说普通话和藏话。

But amongTibetans, there is great fear about losing their culture and traditions.

但对于藏族人，他们担心这样会失去自己的文化和传统。

Governmentpolicy requires mixed couples to choose early on what ethnicity to designatetheir children in official documents. Many choose to name their children as Hanrather than Tibetan, believing that it gives their children a chance at abetter life, said a 28-year-old Tibetan woman who works at a local governmentdepartment. She spoke on the condition of anonymity for fear of losing her job.

据政府规定，汉藏通婚的夫妇可以选择他们孩子在官方文件上显示的所属民族。在当地政府部门工作的一位28岁藏族女性表示，很多夫妇都选择汉族而非藏族来作为他们孩子的民族，他们都相信这样做能给孩子创造更好的生活。由于担心失去工作，这位女性以匿名的形式接受采访

Many alosend their children to study in the better schools of mainland China rather than in Tibet, she said.

她说，很多夫妇没有把孩子留在西藏学习，而是将他们送到大陆更好的学校。

While thepercentage of Tibetans who marry Han may be increasing there, the total numberremains small, she noted.

她指出，尽管汉藏通婚的比例在增长，但总体来看这个数字还是小的

At Chen’s meeting with mixed families on June18, the party secretary of Tibetpraised intermarriage, calling it recognition of the great motherland, Chineseas a people, Chinese culture, and the path of socialism with Chinesecharacteristics, according to state media.

据官方媒体报道，在6月18日与汉藏通婚家庭的会议上，西藏党委书记陈全国赞扬了跨族婚姻，称这是对伟大祖国、中华民族、中华文化和中国特色社会主义的认可

Chen calledfor government departments to use everything in their power and designate keyofficials to steer public opinion. Party and government officials should act asmatchmakers, he said.

陈全国呼吁政府部门要充分利用手中的资源，要委任重要官员引导公众舆论。他还说，党和政府官员应该主动牵桥搭线。

Nationwide, China has long offered ethnic minoritygroups favorable treatment as a way to try to integrate them into society, apolicy that is often criticized by Han and ethnic minorities alike.

中国长期在国内为少数民族提供有利待遇，让他们能够融入社会，但这一政策时常受到来自汉族和少数民族的批评。

When one orboth spouses are of ethnic minority, a couple can generally have up to threechildren, despite China’s one-child policy. Ethnic students aregiven extra scores for their minority status in college entrance exams.Intermarried families are also often awarded honorsfor being “models of ethnic unity” and aresometimes favored for government positions.

尽管中国实行计划生育，但在一对夫妻中如果一方或者双方属于少数民族，那么这对夫妻就可以最多生育3个孩子。少数民族学生因为自己的民族可以在高考中加分。跨族家庭也经常被授予“民族团结模范”的荣誉称号，而且有时候在竞争政府岗位时拥有优先权。

And Chinesehistory is dotted with examples of interracial marriage as a strategy tomaintain peace. One of the most famous stories is the marriage between ChinesePrincess Wencheng of the Tang Dynasty and Songtsan Gambo, then king of Tibet, whichsealed a peace treaty.

在中国历史上，用跨族婚姻来维持国家和平的例子比比皆是。其中一个著名的故事就是唐朝的文成公主和西藏国王松赞干布的通婚，他们因此签订了汉藏之间的和平协议。

The storywas turned into an outdoor musical last August, promoted by the government, andis showing in Tibet.

这个故事在去年八月被编成了一部户外音乐剧后得到了政府的大力推广，目前正在西藏上演。

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