美国法律制度（四）

独秀文译青年

【中文标题】美国法律制度（四）

【正文】

4.Judges

All federaljudges are appointed by the President and must be approved by the Senate.Appointment to the federal bench is a lifetime appointment, based largely onthe theory that such appointment assists in creating a judiciary that are mostlikely to render decisions on the merits without fear of personal repercussionsfrom the political process.

  4、法官

所有的联邦法官都由总统任命，且必须通过参议院的批准。联邦法官的任命是终身制的，这样做的理论依据主要在于：这样的任命可以有助于让法官做出公正的裁决，而无需担心受到来自政治程序的个人影响。

In the statecourt system, however, judges at all levels can be either appointed or electeddepending upon the procedure established in the particular state, and the termswhich judges serve are of varying lengths.

然而，在州法院体系里，各层次的法官都能依照特定州的程序被任命或被选举，且法官的任期各有长短。

All judges,whether federal or state, are required to comply with canons of judicialethics. The judicial canons define appropriate and inappropriate behavior for ajudge, and set forth the situations in which judges must disqualify themselvesfrom a particular proceeding.

所有的法官，无论是联邦的还是州的，都要求遵守司法道德准则。司法准则规定了法官的正当及不正当行为，并阐明了法官在一个特殊程序中必须被取消资格的场合。

5.Jury

As indicatedearlier, in the United  States, there are two separate andindependent court systems. The first consists of the courts of the United States, known as the federal courts; thesecond is the judicial system of each separate state of the United States,known as the state courts. Although each system is structured to handledifferent types of cases, there is much overlap. Both, as a matter of constitutionalright, grand to parties involved in most civil litigation the right to demandthat the case be tried and determined by a jury composed of 6-12 citizens. Mostof such individual jurors have no background of legal training and rely uponinstructions given to them by a judge stating the law to be applied to the caseand answer questions of guilt or innocence, liability or non-liability.

  5、陪审团

如前所述，美国有两个独立分开的法院体系。第一个由美国的法院组成，成为联邦法院；第二个是每一个州的司法体系，虽然每一体系所处理的案件的类型有所不同，但还是有很多重叠之处。作为一种宪法权利，两个体系都赋予大多数民事诉讼的当事人要求案件由一个由6到12人组成的陪审团审理并裁决的权利。作为一种宪法权利，两者都赋予了涉及到大多数民事诉讼的当事人以要求案件必须由6到12个公民组成的陪审团来审理和裁决。这样的个人陪审员大多数是没有法律训练的背景、听从一个法官对他们做出的指示，由法官宣布应用于案件的法律，陪审员回答有罪无罪及有无责任的问题。

6.Legal Profession

One substantialdifference between the American and English legal system has to do with thescope of a lawyer’s legal practice in the United States. Unlike the Britishsystem, in the American legal system there is no distinction between barristersand solicitors. All lawyers, if qualified, may appear and argue before court. Inorder to become a member of the bar of a particular state, an individual musttake and pass the state’s written bar examination. In some states, and in-personinterview is also required. The content of the bar examinations can vary fromstate to state, but there is almost always one portion of the examination whichfocuses on federal law. Admission to the bar of one state does notautomatically confer admission to the bars of other states; candidates mustundertake an additional application process and sometimes an additionalexamination.

6、法律制度

美国法律体系同英国法律制度之间的本质区别在于美国律师的实践范围。与英国法律体系不同，在美国法律体系中，不存在大律师和律师的区别。所有律师，只要取得资格，就可以在法庭出庭以及作辩论。要想取得某一州的律师资格，个人必须参加并通过该州的律师笔试。在一些州，还需进行面试。律师考试的考试内容因州而异，但几乎总有一部分是关于联邦法的。取得一个州的律师资格并不意味着自动取得其他州的律师资格。申请人须另外进行申请，有时还需要另外参加一场考试。

As a practicalmatter this does not prevent American lawyers admitted in one state frompracticing in another. There is a kind of motion that lawyers admitted in onestate frequently make for limited admission to the bar of another state forpurposes of a particular case. Such admission would be limited to thatparticular case.

但实际上，这并不阻止在一个州的律师在另一个州里执业。一个州的律师经常为一个具体案件申请在另一州执业的有限资格。这种资格仅限于该具体案件。