【外交政策 201411】破碎的世界：2014百大思考者 － 保护者

满仓

【中文标题】破碎的世界：2014百大思考者 － 保护者
【原文标题】A World Disrupted: The Leading Global Thinkers of 2014
【登载媒体】外交政策
【原文链接】http://globalthinkers.foreignpolicy.com/




在矛盾中寻求承诺是这些全球思想者环境保护工作的重要组成部分。他们证明，一个拥挤的大都市可以没有汽车；一个小部落可以免受能源利益的侵扰；树木可以在灾难中保护一个国家。对于大自然，我们还有很多需要学习，需要去尊重。这些人告诉我们，怎样才能在地球上更加繁荣兴旺地生活下去。


宫胁昭
植物学家，日本

“植树抵挡海啸。”

2011年日本海啸摧毁了海岸线的混凝土护栏，破坏了12万座建筑物。但是坐落在附近森林中的神道教神社，几乎毫发无伤。在植物学家宫胁昭看来，这说明树木是抵挡未来自然灾难的关键。

宫胁几十年来致力于恢复森林种植，在15个国家已经种植了4000万棵树木。在日本，他在海啸冲刷过的地面上种植项目和其它日本本土树种，这些树木将作为海浪防护屏。在“大森林墙”项目中，福岛附近已经恢复了至少一个森林，未来十年里，还会栽种9000万棵树苗。宫胁希望那些海岸线易受侵袭的国家也可以借鉴这种防护模式。

宫胁在2011年接受环保组织“日本持续发展”时说：“森林也是生命，我们的明天取决于是否可以营造真正的‘森林生活’”。


露丝•布温迪亚
活动人士，秘鲁

“拯救家园，让大河奔流。”

阿沙宁卡人已经在埃内河流域生活了几个世纪，他们躲过了西班牙人的征服和内战，但是这一切在2010年差点发生了改变。秘鲁和巴西政府计划修建一座水力发电大坝，来促进就业，并为当地提供电力，但同时也会淹没这个种族世代居住的家园。

作为埃内河阿沙宁卡中心的主席，布温迪亚联合她的人民反对大坝工程。她提起诉讼，说国内和国际法律都要求，当局在启动有可能会影响到族群生活的项目之前，必须要咨询阿沙宁卡人的意见。她让大坝项目搁置了4年。鉴于她卓越的成就，布温迪亚在今年获得了颇富威信的戈德曼环境奖。

布温迪亚并不是一位律师，她在25岁的时候才读完高中。她在获奖感言中说：“愤怒促使我保护我的人民。”


维拉哈德兰•拉曼森/帕萨•达斯古普塔/凯瑟琳•海霍
大气学家/经济学家/大气学家，德克萨斯卢伯克/英国/圣地亚哥

“恢复人们抗击气候变化的信心。”

在抗击气候变化的问题上，科学家与宗教领袖的组合似乎是个蹩脚的搭档。但是对于学者帕萨•达斯古普塔和维拉哈德兰•拉曼森以及凯瑟琳•海霍来说，科学与宗教在全球变暖问题上似乎可以携手而进。实际上，他们有足够的理由相互扶持。

德克萨斯科技大学的海霍多年来致力于宗教与环境保护的关系研究。2009年，在她的福音教会牧师丈夫的帮助下，她出版了《改变的气候：全球变暖与信仰决策》一书。如今，她依然认为保护自然环境符合传统基督教的价值观，而且已经成为美国最著名的宗教环境沟通人士。剑桥大学的达斯古普塔和加利福尼亚大学圣迭戈分校的拉曼森今年9月在《科学》杂志上发文，联合呼吁宗教领袖为地球的福祉传播福音，这篇文章掀起了轩然大波。今年年初，几位科学家在梵蒂冈可持续发展大会上与教皇方济各见面。

达斯古普塔和拉曼森写道：“改变的行动如果可以通过梵蒂冈和其它宗教团体发起，并采取联合行动，将会更好地保护人类和环境。”


劳恩•特伊提奥塔
气候变化难民，新西兰

“在字典中添加‘气候难民’这个词。”

位于夏威夷以南1200英里的岛国基里巴斯正面临着无情的命运。这个国家由32个珊瑚礁和一座岛屿组成，平均海拔高度2米，它是世界上最容易遭受气候变化影响的国家之一。由于海平面的上升和海啸的威胁，有人预测这个国家将在30年之后不适合人类居住。但是这个国家的居民劳恩•特伊提奥塔认为现在就已经无法生活了。

特伊提奥塔在去年提出了“气候难民”这个词，他当时向新西兰申请避难，说海浪摧毁了渔民的生计，而且不清洁的水源和当地居民之间的紧张关系让他的家人无法在这个岛屿安全地生活，因此寻求在新西兰避难。特伊提奥塔敦促全球关注海平面上升所造成的受害者，以及他们所需要的法律救助。

特伊提奥塔的难民申请在2013年被新西兰拒绝，今年5月，他的上诉也被驳回，但是事情并没有结束。他的律师迈克尔•基德说，他们在考虑把这个案子提交给日内瓦的联合国人权委员会。如果最终成功，他将是世界上第一个气候难民。


约翰•科瓦克
天文学家，马萨诸塞州剑桥

“宇宙大爆炸的决定性证据。”

一次巨大的爆炸，宇宙瞬间充满了迸发的能量，并以超光速扩张。这个理论在几十年来支持着宇宙的形成学说，约翰•科瓦克和他的团队利用安置在南极的天文望远镜，在今年第一次为这种理论找到了实质性的证据。他们记录下宇宙辐射背景中，偏振光形成的漩涡。

如果科瓦克的发现可以站得住脚——早期的迹象看来一切顺利，他的团队将成为物理学历史上最伟大的贡献者之一。宇宙扩张学说可以解释现代物理学中挥之不去的一个悖论：为什么宇宙在如此迅速扩张的同时还能保持恒定的温度？微波辐射这个答案本身就是如诗般美好的现实。


宋佳•赫吉拉
运输工程师，芬兰

“把需求绑定运输安排。”

如果一座城市的全部运输网络——从地铁、公交、Uber、Lyft，到自行车租赁，甚至轮渡——都可以通过单一的应用程序来访问，并且使用统一的支付系统，将会如何？人们对于私家车的依赖度将会降低很多，意味着更少的排放、更清洁的环境，当然还包括给城市道路释放出的停车位空间。

芬兰工程师宋佳•赫吉拉就设想出这种21世纪的运输模式，称之为“按需移动”。这位24岁的工程师的想法是，把各种类型的运输方式综合在一起，让顾客点击屏幕就可以比较各种交通方式。在接受《商业内幕》采访时，她认为，一座城市的运输市场应当避免垄断，也就是“操纵交通运营市场的若干个私人公司”。

赫尔辛基已经开始测试赫吉拉的计划，2015年开始试运行，计划到2025年全面实施“按需移动”的理念。


阿丽塔•鲍恩
环境保护主义者、立法者，印度尼西亚

“把一场运动从室外带入权力的殿堂。”

十多年来，阿丽塔•鲍恩一直在与西帝汶的大理石开采行为做斗争。摩罗族是当地的土著民，非常推崇自身传统的自然生活习惯。作为部族的成员，她组织人们进行抗议，反对大理石开采对环境造成的危害。一次抗议中，100多名妇女不顾多方的干涉，甚至死亡威胁，在整整一年时间里坐在采石场的石头上纺纱织布。他们的抗议最终取得成功：2010年，大理石开采公司退出了西帝汶的4个地区。

鲍恩在2013年获得了高曼环境奖。她现在已经离开了采石场，今年4月，被称为“阿丽塔妈妈”的她成为代表家乡省份的议会成员，她的家乡蕴藏着丰富的资源，包括大理石、黄金、石油和天然气。她希望能有机会影响政策的走向，有必要的时候也会抵制其它公司。当选后，他在接受汤姆路透基金会的采访时说：“我知道这必将给我带来更多的挑战，甚至威胁。如果我真的被杀害，我会接受这样的命运。”



原文：

Locating promise amid contradiction is the key to environmental progress for these Global Thinkers, who are showing that it is possible for a large, bustling city to be free of cars, for a small tribe to shield its homeland from powerful energy interests, and for trees—just trees—to protect a country from catastrophe. There is much left to learn, and even more to respect, about the natural world. These individuals serve as constant reminders of what it takes not just to live on Earth, but to thrive.

Akira Miyawaki
Botanist
|Japan
For planting trees to defend against tsunamis.

The 2011 tsunami in Japan overwhelmed concrete barriers along the country’s coastline and destroyed some 120,000 buildings. Yet nearby coastal Shinto shrines, nestled in forests, remained largely untouched. To botanist Akira Miyawaki, this showed that trees could be the keys to averting future catastrophe.

Miyawaki has been restoring forests for decades and has been involved with planting some 40 million trees in 15 countries. Now, in his home country, he is using tsunami debris to construct beds in which to plant oak and other tree species native to Japan—together the trees will act as a tidal-wave shield. Under the banner of the Great Forest Wall Project, at least one forest has already been completed in a city near Fukushima; and over 10 years, some 90 million seedlings will be planted. Miyawaki also hopes to export the shield model to other countries with vulnerable coastlines.

“Forests are life itself,” Miyawaki told the Tokyo-based environmental group Japan for Sustainability in 2011. “The life for surviving tomorrow begins with creating true ‘forests of life.’”

Ruth Buendía
Activist
|Peru
For saving a homeland by letting a river run.

The Asháninka people have lived in South America’s Ene River valley for centuries, surviving Spanish conquest and civil war. But that nearly changed in 2010, when the governments of Peru and Brazil agreed to build hydroelectric dams that would have produced jobs and energy in the region—and also would have flooded the indigenous group’s homeland.

Enter Ruth Buendía. As president of the organization Central Asháninka del Río Ene, Buendía has united her people in a campaign against the dams. She has filed lawsuits insisting that both national and international law require authorities to consult the Asháninka before starting projects that affect the group—and she has kept the dams at bay for four years. For her exceptional activism, Buendía received the prestigious Goldman Environmental Prize this year.

Buendía isn’t a lawyer; she only finished high school at age 25. “Anger,” she said after being awarded the prize, “motivated me to defend my people.”

Veerabhadran Ramanathan, Partha Dasgupta, Katharine Hayhoe
Atmospheric scientist; economist; atmospheric scientist
|Lubbock, Texas; United Kingdom; San Diego
For keeping the faith in the fight against climate change.

In fighting the ill effects of climate change, scientists and religious leaders might seem like awkward partners. But for researchers Partha Dasgupta and Veerabhadran Ramanathan, as well as climate scientist Katharine Hayhoe, science and religion don’t have to be at odds over global warming. In fact, they may have common cause.

Hayhoe, of Texas Tech University, has been aligning religion and conservation for years. With her evangelical pastor husband, in 2009 she published A Climate for Change: Global Warming Facts for Faith-Based Decisions. Today, she continues to argue that protecting natural resources is in line with conservative Christian values and has emerged as the most prominent religious climate communicator in the United States. Dasgupta, of Cambridge University, and Ramanathan, of the University of California, San Diego, made ripples in September when Science published the duo’s call for religious leaders to evangelize for the planet. Earlier this year, the scientists had met with Pope Francis at a Vatican sustainability conference.

“The transformational step,” wrote Dasgupta and Ramanathan, “may very well be a massive mobilisation by the Vatican and other religions for collective action to safeguard the well-being of both humanity and the environment.”

Ioane Teitiota
Climate change refugee
|New Zealand
For adding “climate refugee” to the lexicon.

Located about 1,200 miles south of Hawaii, the island nation of Kiribati faces a grim future: Composed of 32 atolls and one island—which average only about 2 meters above sea level—it is among the countries most vulnerable to devastation from climate change. Given the impact of rising sea levels and increased danger from storm surges, some have predicted that the country will become uninhabitable in as little as 30 years. But native Ioane Teitiota argues that it is unlivable now.

Teitiota introduced the term “climate refugee” last year, when he requested asylum in New Zealand, arguing that not only had high tides destroyed the fisherman’s livelihood, but unsanitary water and rising tensions among locals had made the island too dangerous for his family. In seeking refuge, Teitiota insistently focused the world’s attention on the victims of rising tides and their need for legal remedies.

Teitiota failed to convince New Zealand to grant him refugee status in 2013 and his appeal was shot down in May of this year, but his quest isn’t over. His lawyer, Michael Kidd, says they are considering taking his case before the U.N. Human Rights Committee in Geneva. If successful, he will be the first climate refugee in the world.

John Kovac
Astronomer
|Cambridge, Mass.
For proving that it all started with a Bang.

At the moment of the Big Bang, the universe suddenly expanded with a massive burst of energy, faster than the speed of light. So goes the decades-old theory of cosmic inflation, for which John Kovac and his collaborators—using a telescope perched on the South Pole—provided hard evidence for the first time this year. They documented traces of that moment in swirls of polarized light in the background radiation that suffuses the cosmos.

If Kovac’s findings hold up—and early indications look good—they will be remembered as one of the greatest achievements in the history of physics. Inflation explains one of the enduring paradoxes of modern physics: why the universe expanded so rapidly and with such a uniform temperature. That the answer lay in swirls of microwave radiation is itself a form of poetry.

Sonja Heikkilä
Transportation engineer
|Finland
For bundling transit on demand.

What if a city’s entire transportation network—subways and buses, Uber and Lyft, bike sharing and even ferries—could be accessed from a single app with a single payment system? People would have less need for cars, which could mean fewer emissions and a cleaner city, not to mention territory reclaimed from parking decks and street spaces.

Finnish engineer Sonja Heikkilä dreamed up this very transportation infrastructure for the 21st century. Called “mobility on demand,” the 24-year-old’s idea is to bundle various modes of travel and allow customers to compare options with the touch of a screen. In her vision, as she told Business Insider, a city’s transportation market would also be structured to avoid monopolies, with “several private companies running the mobility operator business.”

Helsinki is already moving forward with Heikkilä’s plan, designing pilot programs for 2015 and aiming to have mobility on demand fully in place by 2025.

Aleta Baun
Environmental activist, lawmaker
|Indonesia
For moving a campaign off the rocks and into the halls of power.

For more than a decade, Aleta Baun battled marble mining in West Timor. A member of the Molo, an indigenous people who traditionally venerate their natural habitat, she organized demonstrations against the marble industry’s environmental impact. In one protest, more than 100 women—including Baun, who has faced harassment and even death threats—spent a year weaving cloth while sitting on rocks at a mining site. Her campaign was ultimately successful: By 2010, marble-mining companies had withdrawn from four sites in West Timor.

Now Baun, who won a 2013 Goldman Environmental Prize, is moving her fight off the rocks. This April, the woman known as “Mama Aleta” won a seat in the parliament of her home province, which has a wealth of natural resources in addition to marble, including gold, oil, and gas. She hopes to influence policy—and take on other companies if necessary. “I’m quite sure it will bring me much more challenges and threats,” she said of her election, speaking to the Thomson Reuters Foundation. “If anyone kills me, I would accept it.”

每天的晨吟

三百六十行，那行也得吃饭。否则，怎么活啊！
PS:这次我记住说的什么了