【外交政策 201411】破碎的世界：2014百大思考者 － 倡议者

满仓

【中文标题】破碎的世界：2014百大思考者 － 倡议者
【原文标题】A World Disrupted: The Leading Global Thinkers of 2014
【登载媒体】外交政策
【原文链接】http://globalthinkers.foreignpolicy.com/




这些全球思考者先驱们的动机往往被错误地理解为无关紧要，或者危害社会。他们支持海外的性暴力受害者；保护内战的无辜民众；统计战争中的死亡人数；为世界上最脆弱的移民提供法律援助。这些人——学者、活动人士、宗教领袖——至自身生死于不顾，走上世界上最残暴的国家的法庭，或者监狱。这仅仅是对他们微不足道的回报。


汉娜•霍普克
活动家，乌克兰

“让乌克兰的革命之火超越独立广场。”

根据《纽约时报》的报道，汉娜•霍普克从“第一天开始”就待在基辅的自由广场。作为亲民主组织Euromaidan公民事业部的成员，她领导的数千名抗议者在基辅最寒冷的几个月里呼呼改革。2月份，乌克兰的民主革命进入了一个更加艰苦的时期，也就是确保政府的改革具有实质性的意义，霍普克再一次冲在前面。她正在努力让国会通过一系列反腐败和司法改革法案，这是由100多位来自各个部门的专家所倡导的建议。政府已经开始支持一些政策，包括在4月份通过的媒体自由和公众采购法律。10月份，霍普克被选入乌克兰议会。

活动人士说，立法委员拒绝对新法案进行投票，他们只关注个人利益。在霍普克看来，阻力是激励她前行的动力。她在今年春天接受《纽约时报》采访时说：“制度是我们的障碍，我们必须反击。”


拉米•阿卜杜勒•拉赫曼，哈盖•阿尔艾德
人权观察组织主管/以色列占领区人权资料中心主任，英国/以色列

“不顾阻挠，记录暴行。”

叙利亚的内战进入第四年，死亡人数高达19.1万人。以色列和哈马斯的谈判在夏天不欢而散，50天的冲突中，2100人丧上，大部分是平民。拉米•阿卜杜勒•拉赫曼和哈盖•阿尔艾德勇敢地记录战争的暴行。

阿尔艾德在战争爆发前6个月掌管以色列最重要的人权组织“以色列占领区人权资料中心”，尽管对加沙地带的进攻在以色列尽人皆知，但他仍坚持记录平民遭受的伤害。阿卜杜勒•拉赫曼（这个人的真名是奥萨马•苏莱曼）从事这项工作的时间更长，他通过叙利亚人权观察组织记录下战争中的所有死亡和军事行动事件，这些信息是国际人权组织、记者和美国国防部的重要情报来源。对于战争，他不留情面，当美国轰炸叙利亚时，阿卜杜勒•拉赫曼的组织也同样记录伤亡数字。

深植于中东地区人民的仇恨，阿卜杜勒•拉赫曼和阿尔艾德的工作既困难重重，又吃力不讨好。


扎伊娜布•班固拉
联合国性暴力事务特使，纽约

“照亮那些被人遗忘的战争期间强奸事件受害者。”

在战争期间遭受暴力性侵犯的男人，往往默默忍受着痛苦，因为很多国家的文化形成了一种错误的观点，既强奸罪行的受害者智能是女人。一些司法救助制度——如果有的话——都只为女性提供服务，在一些同性恋不合法的国家，男性受害者还要面临法律制裁的风险。作为联合国性暴力事务特使，扎伊娜布•班固拉的工作就是让这些被忽略的问题引起人们的关注。在3月份安理会的一份报告中，她重点提到了发生在哥伦比亚、阿富汗和刚果民主共和国等国家的一些针对男人和男孩的性暴力事件。在接受《赫芬顿邮报》的采访时，她说，问题其实一直存在，但是“我们都没有看到，因为我们根本不去看。”

今年，班固拉讲述了伊斯兰国拐卖妇女和性奴隶的事件。她严正警告伤害女性和男性的犯罪分子：“你们无处可逃，无处可藏，早晚我们会抓到你们。”


伯纳德•金维，帕特里克•纳南高
天主教神父，中非共和国

“战争中替天行道。”

1月，一队基督教民兵在中非共和国境内的一个小城镇博赛姆特莱屠杀穆斯林平民，并烧毁他们的房屋。穆斯林反叛组织在2013年3月占领首都班吉，这是对他们犯罪行为的报复。伯纳德•金维和帕特里克•纳南高神父开始寻找幸存者，同时掩埋受害者的尸体。他们的教堂一共保护了1000多人。

尽管非盟、法国和联合国最近派出维和部队平息战乱，但自2013年12月以来，已经有5000人在中非共和国被杀害。金维和纳南高帮助大部分博赛姆特莱的穆斯林逃往周边国家，他们还在继续收容那些留在教堂的人。


琳娜•克利莫娃，叶夫根尼•维提斯科
活动人士，俄罗斯

“让奥运会的聚光灯照亮异见者。”

全球的目光聚集俄罗斯索契，琳娜•克利莫娃和叶夫根尼•维提斯科同时让人们看到了2014年冬奥会盛况身后的镇压势力。

奥运会开幕之前，克里姆林宫对索契和全国范围内的活动人士进行严酷的打压，以微不足道，甚至是捏造的罪名拘捕了数十名异见人士。LGBT权利活动人士克利莫娃建立了一个专门支持年轻同性恋的网站“404儿童”，她被控宣传同性恋文化。克利莫娃的案件最终被撤诉，但是维提斯科由于在奥运会期间的行为，依然在狱中服刑。2月份，在冬奥会开始前5天，一家法院维持对这位环境活动人士的原判决——有期徒刑三年。权利组织声称，这样的判决具有政治意图，因为他曾经关注过奥运会建设对环境的影响。人权守望组织成员尤莉亚•戈布诺娃在2月份的一份声明中说，很明显，当局“试图让反对筹办奥运会的人闭嘴，并进行打击报复”。

克利莫娃和维提斯科的遭遇提醒我们，2014年冬奥会世界和平以及人民大团结的光鲜亮丽的表面背后，有着不可见人的阴暗面。


艾里丝•亚思敏•巴芮欧斯•阿吉拉尔
法官，危地马拉

“永远追求正义。”

历史上从来没有一个法庭敢于把国家前任统治者推上宗族屠杀的被告席，直到艾里丝•亚思敏•巴芮欧斯•阿吉拉尔法官，以屠杀玛雅伊西尔原住民的罪名审判危地马拉前独裁者埃弗拉因•里奥斯•蒙特。在里奥斯•蒙特掌权的36年内战期间，伊西尔原住民是他的主要攻击对象。这个国家的军队对左派反抗势力采取了残忍的三光政策——烧毁房屋、杀光村民、强奸妇女。

2013年5月，巴芮欧斯判决里奥斯•蒙特80年徒刑，让受害者长久以来的正义诉求得以伸张。判决后不久，老政权的同党们开始攻击巴芮欧斯和她的同事。同时，立宪法院宣布判决无效，并准备在2015年初再次审判。今年4月，危地马拉的律师协会停止巴芮欧斯执业一年，巴芮欧斯和她的支持者认为这完全是政治意图。但是巴芮欧斯的立场依然坚定，她在8月份接受数码出版商El Faro采访时说：“我是一名律师，我相信司法制度。所以一切都很清楚，没有灰色地带。”


伊力哈木•土赫提
经济学家、活动人士，中国

“维吾尔族人民的良心。”

过去两年里，中国新疆地区的警民冲突已经造成了数百人死亡，这个地区在过去几十年里时常发生民族之间的暴力冲突。中国政府一直宣称新疆的维吾尔人——穆斯林的一个分支——是罪魁祸首，说他们是恐怖分子和试图破坏国家统一的分裂分子。但是经济学教授伊力哈木•土赫提有不同的看法。他在2006年创办的“维吾尔在线”网站中认为，警方的野蛮行为和失业率让新疆的形势恶化。他在2013年接受美联社采访时说：“每次发生什么事情，政府总是一句话：镇压。”

由于他毫不掩饰的言辞，土赫提在1月份以莫须有的分裂国家罪名被判终生监禁。对这种相对温和的声音进行压制，让维吾尔族权利的讨论进程出现了倒退。正如中国著名的人权律师滕彪在判决后在《卫报》上撰文，称“土赫提是维吾尔人民的良心”。


比拉姆•达哈•阿拜德
废奴主义者，毛里塔尼亚

“在一个奴隶盛行的国度捍卫废奴主义。”

毛里塔尼亚在三十多年前成为世界上最后一个废除奴隶制的国家，但目前的形势依然不容乐观。在380万总人口中有15万奴隶，这个穆斯林国家的奴隶现象依然猖獗。

这个国家的部分废奴活动人士主张与政府对话，但比拉姆•达哈•阿拜德不这么看，作为毛里塔尼亚最著名的反奴活动人士，他采取绝食抗议、焚烧伊斯兰教科书——他认为其中有主张奴隶制的内容——，甚至殴打一名拒绝逮捕奴隶主的警察。与他并肩战斗的一名反奴活动人士在接受《纽约客》采访时说，阿拜德和他的“废奴复兴运动”已经“为我们提供了一条崭新的抗争道路”。

一些成效已经有所显现。今年3月，毛里塔尼亚政府采取了联合国的一项计划，一次性解决所有奴隶制的问题，他们在去年成立了一家机构专门探索奴隶制的解决方案。但是阿拜德依然保持谨慎的乐观，他在接受《纽约客》的采访时说：“有时候我怀疑自己的努力是否能有结果，但看到人们的反抗，我也很欣慰。”


温蒂•杨
“保卫儿童”组织会长，华盛顿特区

“让小移民有机会在法庭上申诉他们的案情。”

对那些无人陪伴进入美国的年幼移民的关注，在今年逐渐进入主流视野。但是在一个无人关注的角落里，温蒂•杨和他的组织“保卫儿童”自2008年就开始关注这些儿童。

这个组织把公益律师与来自拉丁美洲的儿童移民一一配对，这些人缺少足够的知识在法庭上为自己辩护。如果有了律师的协助，他们被准许停留在这个国家的机会大大增加。“保卫儿童”的工作在今年变得尤为重要，2014年7月，5.7万名没有成人看护的儿童进入美国，部分原因是当地的黑帮和毒品暴力活动。这个数字比上一年翻了一番。“保卫儿童”培训了5000多名律师，这其中很多人都习惯与企业客户打交道，对移民法并不熟悉，他们在这个组织中学会应对儿童案件的复杂性。杨在6月份接受Media Matters采访时说：“就像我们在想，自己的孩子如果去到另外一个国家，他们会遭遇到什么。我觉得大部分美国人可以从他们的内心给予这些孩子应该得到的关爱。”


马利特萨•阿斯普里拉•克鲁兹、格洛丽亚•安帕罗、梅丽•梅迪纳
活动人士，哥伦比亚

“利用自身的影响力保护女性，让她们更强大。”

在经历了数十年内战的哥伦比亚，近期武装帮派的争权夺利尤其激烈，为了展示自己的力量，她们折磨、强奸并杀害女性。从2010年开始，一个勇敢的志愿者组织“蝴蝶”挺身而出，修复这些伤害。

这个组织有100多名女性成员，网络覆盖布埃纳文图拉的非洲裔哥伦比亚社区，这座沿海城市是暴力犯罪率最高的地区。很多志愿者都曾遭受虐待，她们把受害者藏在即的的家里，让他们了解自己的权利，给他们寻找医疗和心理救助，还帮助他们向当局报告案情。尽管时常遭到黑帮的威胁，他们共帮助过1000多名女性和家庭。

9月，马利特萨•阿斯普里拉•克鲁兹、格洛丽亚•安帕罗和梅丽•梅迪纳代表蝴蝶组织，接受了联合国难民事务高级专员颁发的年度奖项。高级专员安东尼•古铁雷斯说：“这些女人在极具挑战性的环境下做出了卓越的工作，他们的勇气难以用语言描述。”


肖美丽
女权人士，中国

“让性别暴力昭示天下。”

在中国谈论性别暴力或许还是一个禁忌，但肖美丽对此不屑一顾。从2013年9月到2014年3月，这位活动人士从北京徒步走到广州，途径1300多英里，为了唤起人们的支持和关注。她沿途向地方政府、教育机构和警察局请愿，要求改变性别暴力政策，并公开相关的数据。根据中华全国妇联提供的信息，中国大约四分之一的已婚女性都曾遭受家庭暴力，但是这些事件从未被报道，而且执法部门往往对此睁一只眼闭一只眼。

肖在接受一家中国媒体的采访时说：“每个人都说有些事情无法改变，比如女人生来就是要受苦的。”为了与这种传统观念抗争，她与地方的女权机构合作组织抗议活动。2012年情人节那一天，她和另外两个人穿上带血的婚纱，抗议家庭暴力。第二年，在大城市进行抗议的大学生也引起了广泛的关注，“带血的婚纱”成了中国互联网的热门词汇。



原文：

These Global Thinkers herald causes often wrongly considered inconsequential or verboten. They support forgotten victims of sexual violence, protect civilians targeted in internecine violence, count casualties in the fog of war, and demand legal protections for the world’s most vulnerable migrants. Often, these men and women—scholars, activists, and religious leaders among them—do this work at their own peril and pay the price, landing in court or prison in some of the world’s most repressive countries. For all of them, however, the risk is worth the possible rewards.

Hanna Hopko
Activist
|Ukraine
For carrying Ukraine’s revolution beyond the Maidan.

Hanna Hopko was on Kiev’s Maidan “from the first day,” according to the New York Times. A member of the Civic Sector of the Euromaidan, a pro-democracy group, she was a leader among the thousands of protesters who spent the long winter months demanding change in Kiev. Since February, Ukraine’s democratic revolution has entered the arguably tougher stage of ensuring meaningful government reform, and Hopko is again on the front lines. She is leading a high-profile lobbying effort to get parliament to pass a package of anti-corruption laws and legal reforms designed by more than 100 experts from a range of sectors. Already, the government has embraced some of the policies; laws on media freedom and public procurement, for instance, passed in April. In October, Hopko was elected to Ukraine’s parliament.

Activists claim that legislators have failed to show up for votes and that they focus too much on personal interests. For Hopko, roadblocks are just motivations to keep fighting. “The system is attacking us,” Hopko told the New York Times this spring, “so we fight back.”

Rami Abdul Rahman, Hagai El-Ad
Director, Syrian Observatory for Human Rights; director, B’Tselem
|Britain; Israel
For documenting atrocities against all odds.

As Syria’s civil war dragged into its fourth year, with the death count topping 191,000, Israel and Hamas traded blows for 50 days over the summer, leaving more than 2,100 people dead, the vast majority of them civilians. In the face of such figures, Rami Abdul Rahman and Hagai El-Ad (pictured) have remained defiantly committed to documenting the atrocities of war.

El-Ad took the helm of Israel’s premier human rights organization, B’Tselem, just six weeks before war broke out. Although the assault on Gaza was wildly popular in Israel, he insisted on accountability for harm done to civilians. Abdul Rahman (whose real name is Osama Suleiman) has been at it for longer: Through his Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, Abdul Rahman, who is in exile, has monitored every death and military development in Syria since the war began, becoming a crucial information source for international human rights groups, journalists, and the U.S. Defense Department, among others. And his commitment knows no allegiances: When the United States bombed Syria, Abdul Rahman’s group counted those casualties too.

With hatreds apparently deepening in much of the Middle East, Abdul Rahman and El-Ad share an ever-more-urgent, yet increasingly thankless mission.

Zainab Bangura
U.N. special representative on sexual violence in conflict
|New York City
For shining a light on the forgotten victims of wartime rape.

Men who experience sexual violence in conflict often suffer in silence due to the false idea in many cultures that rape happens only to women. Advocacy and support systems—where they exist at all—are typically designed for women, and victimized men who speak up may even risk prosecution in countries where homosexuality is a crime. As the U.N. special representative on sexual violence in conflict, Zainab Bangura is working to bring attention to this long-overlooked problem. In a March Security Council report, she highlighted sexual violence against men and boys in countries such as Colombia, Afghanistan, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The issue has always been there, she told HuffPost Live in April, but “we never saw it, because we didn’t look for it.”

This year, Bangura also decried the Islamic State’s selling of women into sexual slavery, threatening perpetrators who harm women and men alike: “There will be no hiding place and no safe haven. Sooner or later, we will get you.”

Bernard Kinvi, Patrick Nainangue
Catholic priests
|Central African Republic
For doing God’s work amid hellish conflict.

In January, a Christian militia started slaughtering Muslim civilians and torching their homes in Bossemptele, a small town in the interior of the Central African Republic. The attacks were reprisals for crimes committed over several months by Muslim rebels, whose leadership had seized control of Bangui, the capital, in March 2013. As Christian fighters hunted Muslims, Father Bernard Kinvi (pictured) and Father Patrick Nainangue searched for survivors to protect, while also retrieving and burying the dead. In all, more than 1,000 people found shelter in their church’s compound.

Although the African Union, France, and, most recently, the U.N. have committed peacekeepers to quell attacks, more than 5,000 people have been killed in the Central African Republic since December 2013. Kinvi and Nainangue helped most of Bossemptele’s Muslims flee to neighboring countries, and they continue to shelter those few who remain.

Lena Klimova, Yevgeny Vitishko
Activists
|Russia
For training the Olympic spotlight on Russian dissent.

With the world’s eyes on Sochi, Russia, Lena Klimova and Yevgeny Vitishko helped expose the oppressive forces behind the pageantry of the 2014 Winter Olympics.

Just prior to the games, the Kremlin undertook a severe crackdown on activists in Sochi and around the country, detaining dozens of dissenters for minor or trumped-up offenses. LGBT rights activist Klimova, the creator of Children 404, a web support group for gay teens, was charged with promoting gay propaganda to minors. Klimova’s case was ultimately dismissed, but Vitishko, whose advocacy dealt more specifically with the Olympics, is still serving time. In February, five days into the games, a court upheld an earlier decision to imprison the environmental activist for three years. Rights groups contend that his detention is politically motivated: He had previously documented the dire environmental impact of the games. Yulia Gorbunova of Human Rights Watch said in a February statement that it was clear authorities “were trying to silence and exact retribution against certain persistent critics of the preparations for the Olympics.”

Klimova and Vitishko’s treatment at the hands of the Russian authorities was a reminder that, beneath their symbolism of international peace and unity, the 2014 Olympics had a dark underbelly.

Iris Yassmín Barrios Aguilar
Judge
|Guatemala
For relentlessly pursuing justice.

No national tribunal had ever brought genocide charges against its own former head of state until Judge Iris Yassmín Barrios Aguilar tried Gen. Efraín Ríos Montt, the former Guatemalan dictator, for presiding over the mass killing of the Maya Ixil minority. The Ixil were among Ríos Montt’s key targets during his time in power amid Guatemala’s 36-year civil war; the country’s army carried out a brutal scorched-earth campaign against leftist rebels, burning villages, carrying out massacres, and raping women and girls.

In May 2013, Barrios sentenced Ríos Montt to 80 years in prison, vindicating his victims’ long search for justice. Shortly after the ruling, allies of the old regime struck back against Barrios and her colleagues. That same month, the Constitutional Court invalidated the sentence and scheduled a new trial for early 2015. In April of this year, Guatemala’s bar association suspended Barrios from practicing law for a year in a move that Barrios and her supporters consider politically motivated. But Barrios is standing her ground. “I am a lawyer,” she told the digital publication El Faro in August. “I believe in justice. So it’s easy. There isn’t much confusion.”

Ilham Tohti
Economist, activist
|China
For being the conscience of the Uighur people.

Over the past two years, clashes between citizens and police have reportedly killed hundreds in China’s Xinjiang region, a part of the country that has witnessed sporadic interethnic violence for decades. The Chinese government maintains that Xinjiang’s Uighur population, a Muslim minority, is to blame: The perpetrators are terrorists and secessionists seeking to undermine the state. But economics professor Ilham Tohti, who founded the news website Uighur Online in 2006, tells a very different story—one in which police brutality, rising unemployment, and repressive policies are worsening life in Xinjiang. “Every time something happens, the government responds with one word: pressure,” he told the Associated Press in 2013.

For speaking so candidly, Tohti was arrested in January on the spurious charge of separatism; this fall, he was sentenced to life in prison. The silencing of such a moderate voice marks a troubling setback in the debate over Uighur rights. As prominent Chinese human rights lawyer Teng Biao wrote in the Guardian after the verdict, “Tohti is the conscience of the Uighur people.”

Biram Dah Abeid
Abolitionist
|Mauritania
For championing abolition in a slavery stronghold.

More than three decades after Mauritania became the last country to abolish slavery, the practice remains endemic there. With some 150,000 people enslaved in a population of some 3.8 million, the Muslim-majority country has the world’s highest incidence of slavery.

Some of the country’s abolitionists favor dialogue with the government, but not Biram Dah Abeid. Mauritania’s most prominent anti-slavery activist has staged hunger strikes, burned Islamic texts that he contends legitimize the practice, and even fought a policeman who failed to arrest a slaveholder. As a fellow abolitionist recently told the New Yorker, Abeid and his Initiative for the Resurgence of the Abolitionist Movement “have provided a new way of fighting the situation.”

It might be paying off. This March, Mauritania’s government adopted a U.N. plan to end slavery once and for all, having last year set up an agency to address the crisis. Yet Abeid remains only cautiously optimistic. “Sometimes I feel doubt,” he told the New Yorker. “But it reassures me when I see people resist.”

Wendy Young
President, Kids in Need of Defense
|Washington, D.C.
For giving young migrants their day in court.

Attention to unaccompanied minors crossing into the United States surged this year. But out of the spotlight, Wendy Young and her organization, Kids in Need of Defense (KIND), have been working with these children since 2008.

The group pairs pro bono lawyers with migrant minors from Latin America who would otherwise lack the means to defend themselves in court. With legal representation, the migrants are several times more likely to be permitted to stay in the country. KIND’s efforts became all the more significant this summer, when, by July 2014, more than 57,000 unaccompanied minors had already poured into the United States, partly due to gang- and drug-related violence. That’s double the previous year’s total. KIND has trained a network of more than 5,000 lawyers—many of them accustomed to working with corporate clients and unfamiliar with immigration law—to navigate the complexities of the children’s cases. “Just as I would hope that one of our kids would be treated well if they found themselves on the other side of a border,” Young told Media Matters in June, “I think most Americans can find it in their heart, and do find it in their heart, to exercise compassion and care for these young children.”

Maritza Asprilla Cruz, Gloria Amparo, Mery Medina
Activists
|Colombia
For spreading their wings to protect and empower women.

As armed gangs vie for power in the latest manifestation of Colombia’s decades-long civil conflict, they continue to torture, rape, and kill women to show their strength. Since 2010, a group of brave volunteers known as the “Butterflies” has been working to repair the damage.

With more than 100 women, the network spans the Afro-Colombian community of Buenaventura, a coastal city with the highest rate of violence in the country. The volunteers, many of whom once suffered abuse, shelter victims in their homes, educate them about their rights, find them medical and psychological care, and help them report crimes to authorities. Despite receiving threats from gangs, the group has managed to help more than 1,000 women and families.

In September, Gloria Amparo, Maritza Asprilla Cruz, and Mery Medina accepted an annual prize from the Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees on behalf of the Butterflies. “These women are doing extraordinary work in the most challenging of contexts,” High Commissioner Antonio Guterres said. “Their bravery goes beyond words.”

Xiao Meili
Feminist
|China
For bringing gender-based violence out of the closet.

Talking about gender-based violence may be taboo in Chinese society, but it’s one taboo that Xiao Meili has walked all over—literally. From September 2013 to March 2014, the activist trekked from Beijing to Guangzhou, or more than 1,300 miles, to galvanize people’s support and petition local governments, educational institutions, and police bureaus to reform gender-based violence policies and disclose related statistics. Nearly a fourth of married women in China are victims of domestic violence, according to the All-China Women’s Federation, but many of these incidents remain unreported. It is a problem that law enforcement often refuses to address.

“Everyone assumes that some things can’t be changed,” Xiao told a Chinese publication, “like that women are born into suffering.” Fighting that assumption, she works with local feminist groups and helps to organize demonstrations; on Valentine’s Day in 2012, she and two others donned blood-spattered wedding dresses to protest domestic violence. Over the following year, university students protested in major cities, garnering widespread attention and making “bloody wedding dress” a well-known Internet meme in China.