印度女人的现状

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Gender Chore Gap: Where Housework Is Most Unfair
印度女人:家务男人不做太不公平。。。

India’s gender chore gap, the difference between the amount of housework done by women and men, is the largest of any country for which data is available, according to new figures compiled by the World Economic Forum.
India ranks top, or bottom (depending how you look at it), in terms of the number of minutes women spend on housework each day versus the amount of time men dedicate to daily household tasks
世界经济论坛显示：在印度的男女之间差距在家务劳动分配比重中得以表现,并且相对于其他国家更为严重。印度女性家务劳动比重排名世界榜首。。
-Women in India on average spend 351.9 minutes every day doing housework, men spend just 51.8 minutes on such duties: a difference of 300.1 minutes. The next closest country is Mexico, with a gap of 260.7 minutes.
The findings are part of the annual Global Gender Gap Report 2014 published Tuesday. This year, India fell 13 places to 114 out of 142 countries in the latest ranking, which measures equality between the sexes in access to work, education and healthcare. The fall was caused by a drop in economic participation and opportunity for women, as well as a dip in female educational attainment.
2014年全球性别差距报告指出在印度的女性平均每天花351.9分钟做家务,男人花51.8分钟工作:一共300.1分钟的差距。下一个国家是墨西哥,差距为260.7分钟。今年,在142个国家的最新排名印度13个地方降至114位,用于衡量两性平等以及获得工作,教育和医疗的权利。下降是由于印度女性经济参与度和就业机会下降,以及女性的受教育程度。
“Indian women end up doing very badly in paid work and one of the reasons for that is that they are spending so much time in unpaid work,” said Saadia Zahidi, head of the gender parity program at the WEF and one of the authors of the report.
The decline in female participation in the workforce has fallen irrespective of the country’s economic growth, according to a report by the International Labor Organization in February 2013.
Between 2004-05 and 2009-10, a period of rapid economic growth in India, female participation in the work force fell from 37% to 29%.
“印度女性花了那么多时间在无报酬的家务劳动上所以不可能在出去找工作,”萨迪亚扎西迪说（世界经济论坛的性别平等程序主管和报告的作者之一）。女性就业的下降无关与国家的经济增长,国际劳工组织的一份报告显示。2004 - 05至2004 - 10年,印度经济快速增长的时期,女性劳动力的参与从37%降至29%。

“Women have lost out in terms of employment in the growth story,” said Indrani Mazumdar, a senior fellow at the Centre for Women’s Development Studies in New Delhi.
In rural areas, for example, increased use of machinery in farming has led to a reduction in jobs, and the jobs that remain usually go to men, Ms. Mazumdar said.
But the chore gap is most pronounced in cities, rather than villages. Among women surveyed by India’s National Sample Survey Organization in 2011-12, around 39% in rural areas and about 50% in urban areas spent most of their time on domestic duties. Of those women, “about 60 per cent in rural areas and 64 per cent in urban areas did so due to the reason ‘no other member to carry out the domestic duties,’” according to the survey.
“女性在经济的增长之中失败原因有很多“Indrani Mazumdar说（妇女发展研究中心高级研究员）。例如在农村地区因为增加使用机械就会导致减少就业机会，但是仍然得有人干活。所以家务差距最为明显是在城市,而不是农村。印度国家抽样调查调查的女性组织在2011 - 12,大约39%在农村地区,约50%在城市花了大部分时间浪费在家务劳动上。
Cultural taboos about female employment makes the problem more pronounced in cities, said Ranjana Kumari, author of “Gender, Work, and Power Relations,” and director of New Delhi-based think tank the Centre for Social Research. “Even if women are highly educated, they aren’t allowed by in-laws and husbands to do any job outside the home,” Ms. Kumari said. “Women are graduating to get a good groom not a good job,” she added.
So what are women in India spending their time doing? The NSSO survey found that the majority spent time making cow-dung patties–used for cooking fuel–collecting firewood, sewing, tailoring, or collecting drinking water.
印度文化禁忌对城市女性就业是一个打击,Ranjana Kumari表示“如何处理好印度社会的性别、工作与权力的关系“即使是女性受过高等教育，但是公婆和丈夫不允许她们在外面做任何工作,”库玛丽女士说。“女人上大学是为了找好的新郎而不是找一个好工作,”她补充道。所以女性在印度花费他们的时间是在干什么?NSSO(国家样本测量组织)的调查发现,大多数花时间是把牛粪做成小馅饼样子当柴火用,还有做衣服,或者收集饮用水（河边打水）。
Urban Indian women also make cow-dung patties and walk to collect clean water, but in lower numbers. Other household chores performed by women included: fishing, grinding food grain, husking rice paddy, preserving meat and tutoring children.
Solving India’s shortage of power and clean water could help get more women into the workforce, said Indu Agnihotri, director of the Centre for Women’s Development Studies.
“Women spend so much time negotiating the lack of basic civic amenities, like water and power, that even though they have a desire for work there are obstacles to getting it,” Ms. Agnihotri said.
印度城市女性也把牛粪做成馅饼,或者走到河边收集干净的水,但是比较而言城市女性更喜欢去钓鱼、磨粮食,剥稻壳,保存鲜肉和辅导孩子。如果能解决印度的电力短缺和干净的水的问题可以帮助更多的女性进入职场,妇女发展研究中心主任Indu Agnihotri说。“女人花那么多时间去承受缺乏基本的市政设施,像水、电的痛苦，即使他们渴望得到一份工作也是有障碍的“Agnihotri女士说。
评论

8:53 pm October 29, 2014
vj wrote:
What about other neighboring Asian countries like Pakistan, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh, Nepal?
Japan & Italy may be surprising entries, but it is true!!

为什么不说其他邻近的亚洲国家,如巴基斯坦、斯里兰卡、中国、孟加拉国、尼泊尔?包括日本和意大利都可能有令人吃惊的记录。 !

7:57 am October 30, 2014
J Singh wrote:
I think this study shows whats wrong with Indian economy and not Indians. If there was in door plumbing for water and plumbing, gas and electricity then women will not have to spend all this time doing the chores mentioned. India's government needs to spend Billions of dollars on utilities/infrastructure instead of buying weapons for India's military/ sending robots to Mars.

我认为这个研究显示印度经济一些问题,而不是针对印度人。如果家里都有水龙头,便宜的天然气和电力那么女人就不会花这么长时间做家务。印度政府应该花费数十亿美元在公用事业和基础设施上,而不是购买武器或者向火星发送机器人。
7:09 pm October 30, 2014
eigo wrote:
right VJ, it is a bit unfair to compare India to the Western list and then not pull some data from those VJ mentions and/or Africa or South America or Middle East.
it would also be interesting to take the ethnicities ( in particular Indian and South Korean ) and measure how the divide stacks up for first generation households in the USA of those immigrant backgrounds, I bet you would see an astonishing difference in favor of women being more fairly allocated.
VJ（一楼）是对的,拿印度和西方比较这有点不公平,应该从VJ提到国家以及非洲或南美和中东国家比较。
单看在美国的印度和韩国裔的话,我打赌你会看到男女在家务劳动中更公平地分配。
7:31 pm October 30, 2014
James wrote:
Fascinating. Not what the article intends to illuminate, but what it ignores. The purpose of the article seems to be the claim that women are doing a certain amount of extra work based on minutes spent compared to men, but if you ignore the "differential" view and look at time spent by men, vs. time spent by women, there does not appear to be much correlation between time women spend and time men spend on house chores. i.e., as a man does more housework, the woman's does not appear to fall considerably due to the man's work. A quick paste into Excel shows a correlation of about -0.3 so for every minute of housework a man does a woman's housework falls by 20 seconds. You could pull all sorts of inferences from that.

神魂颠倒啊。这篇文章不是想说明什么而是它到底忽略了什么。文章看起来是拿女性与男性在劳动上作比较,但如果你忽视了“性别差异”只关注男女的时间比,这似乎没有任何意义。假如一个男人做更多的家务,而女人似乎也没有时间去赚钱。一项调查显示一个男人去做女人的家务下降了20秒，这个道理适用于任何事情。
7:38 pm October 30, 2014
eigo wrote:
agree with VJ and add it is not so fair to just compare India and exclude other Asian, Middle Eastern and African nations data.
同意VJ，印度应该和其他亚洲、中东和非洲国家的数据比较。

it would also be interesting to see how US based South Koreans, Italians and Indians stack up vs. their homeland and vs. USA in general.

非常有趣,看看在美国生活的韩国人,意大利人和印度人怎么看这个问题。

1:54 am October 31, 2014
NCG wrote:
I don't see any issue with this. In a poor country like India where poverty is high and hard labor is where the jobs are, it is a practical solution that the men go to work while the female works at the home. Also natural for all countries is that the woman gives birth and is a more natural nuturer than the man. This is part of humankind's genetic make-up and has been for millions of years. It doesn't just change in 20 years because someone thinks it should.
在印度这样一个贫穷的国家我没有看到任何不妥。在那里工作非常辛苦而且就业困难,这不过是一个实用的解决方案：男人去工作,而女性在家里工作。在所有国家里女人一出生都要被爱护这是自然规律。这在数百万年以前已经深深进入人类基因里了。而让女人劳动仅仅是20年之前有人提出的。。

9:18 am October 31, 2014
Mathmatician wrote:
So women spend 6 hours per day doing household chores and men spend 1 hour per day. You might want to clarify what a chore is. Is cooking a chore but working 8 - 10 hours a day to feed and clothe your family does not count.
女人花6个小时每天做家务,而男人每天花1小时。所以您想要说明什么。每天在家里一干就是8 - 10小时又是做饭又是洗衣服,给你的家人提供吃穿住行怎么能用数字来计算。

4:58 pm October 31, 2014
Pied Piper of New York wrote:
A jaundiced POV from the biased Occident.
Unlike the self-billed liberated and liberal West,
where women are fodders for the corporations,
women in India balance family and work quite well.
With many choosing, despite qualifications, to be home makers,
an option, that many women in the West would gladly grab,
if their husband's sole paycheck would allow them to sidestep,
the trepidations of the consumerist capitalist combine.
Sigh! Of such caged notions of faux freedom,
is the Western women's life constructed of.
Pity is due to them, for working into their mid-30s,
at the cost of their fecund aspirations and diminished fertility.
(No prize their to India ... it needs to continue the reduction in its fertility rate.)
The Western woman pays a huge price for this false dream of having it all.
Now that the consumerist capitalist paradigm is stalling in the Occident,
the corporations are seeking new grazing grounds in Asia.
Here too they are selling the same stale and stupid nations of gender parity.
It won't work here.
And just as well, the middle class in the West too,
are wisening to their sorry state.
This is all going to work out so ... so well.
西方又一个有偏见的观点。完全没有体现西方所谓的开放和自由,女人是一个很好的话题,印度的女性在平衡家庭和工作方面做得很好。在西方,许多女性会很乐意放弃工作做家务,但是依靠丈夫唯一的薪水会让他们担忧（花钱和别人要很难）。哎!这样的关在笼子里的自由的观念,是西方女性的用生命建造的。遗憾的是由于他们工作到35岁左右代价则是不能孩子了。(印度没有人重视…它需要继续减少生育率)。西方女性为此付出了巨大的代价为了这虚假的梦想。现在消费资本主义范式停滞在欧美，那些企业正在寻求新的牧场。在亚洲销售同样的陈旧和愚蠢的性别平等理念。它不会成功的。同样,在西方中产阶级也一样享用着糟糕的的状态那么让一切见鬼去吧。

10:19 pm October 31, 2014
a wrote:
Another useless survey, the people sited in the this survey are from the lower end of the economy. Usually the man is off for some manual labor work and the woman tends to the home. So its a issue that they don't have potable water and have to go miles to fetch it. What do these authors propose ? man stop working and they together go and fetch water and make dung patty cakes ?
Also its beyond ridiculous to apply these times to urban settings, the people who cook using cow dung patty cakes are predominantly backward rural and very less in urban settings.
The men usually are either doing physical labor in buildings, fields or pulling rickshaws etc.... no fixed hours....these kind of surveys are misleading.
又一个没用的调查,这个调查是建立在低端社会层面的。通常男人去做一些体力劳动的工作,女人往往做家务。所以这里有一个问题,他们没有饮用水,而且要到几英里之外去打水。这些邪恶的作者到底要干什么?难道让男人停止工作,和女人一起去打水,将牛的粪便做成蛋糕吗?这也超越荒谬了,做饭的人使用牛粪主要是因为落后的农村和城市基础设施非常少。男人通常都是做体力劳动的并且没有固定的时间....所以这类调查是有误导性的。














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