【10.11.03 BBC】比较中国和古巴
【中文标题】比较中国和古巴【原文标题】Comparing China and Cuba
【登载媒体】BBC
【原文作者】James Reynolds
【原文链接】http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/jamesreynolds/2008/11/comparing_china_and_cuba.html
大家好，我刚刚在古巴溜达一圈后返回中国。尽管我是作为一个游客去那里，没有什么报道任务，但我还是希望古巴政府可以允许我分享一些见闻。
我去古巴的原因很简单……
世界上只剩下5个共产主义国家：中国、朝鲜、越南、老挝、古巴。
它们在柏林墙的倒塌和苏联解体后依然屹立不倒。实际上，它们是曾经威胁要统治世界的那股力量的残余。
所以，当我在共产主义中国生活了两年之后，我对其它共产主义国家的生活状态很好奇。我想，如果我真的遇到了麻烦，至少还可以高唱《国际歌》，挥舞镰刀和锤子。
这两个国家的相似点很多……
中国共产党在1949年执政，古巴共产党在1959年执政，他们的革命路线惊人地一致。两个国家的革命都是由富有魅力的农村领导人经过多年斗争最终成功的——中国的毛泽东和古巴的菲德尔卡斯特罗。他们的成就都建立在一些半自杀性质的举措上——毛的长征和卡斯特罗突袭蒙卡达兵营。他们的革命对象都是被描述成残暴和腐败的政权（在哈瓦那博物馆中，谴责古巴流亡领导人弗尔亨西奥‧巴蒂斯塔放纵生活的展览，让我回想起中国定期对达赖喇嘛在西藏生活的谴责活动）。
革命之后，失败一方都在与大陆一水之隔的土地上建立了自己的根据地——蒋介石把他的支持者带到台湾，巴蒂斯塔在佛罗里达成立了流亡政府。这两个海峡在数十年的时间里都是军事局势紧张的所在。
当你走在古巴街头，经常会遇到让你想起中国的情景。很多街道上都贴有标语“Comite de la Defensa de la Revolucion”（革命国防委员会）——监控人民生活的带有社区性质的组织，类似于中国的居委会。两家执政党都设法保持自己的权力，因为他们有办法让自身的形象出现在每一条街道和每一所房子上。
两家共产党都把自己视为社会（和道德）进步的动力所在。在哈瓦那，街上的标语劝告嗜酒者到会议中寻求帮助。在一个村庄里，我看到一条标语建议人们阉割自己的狗。还有一些口号，主要是卡斯特罗和切格瓦拉的名言，被刷在墙上和印制在海报上，贴的到处都是。中国也是如此，你在这两个国家的街道上走不了几步，总会发现一些领导人的警句（如果你从未去过一个共产主义国家，这有点像牛津大街的建筑物外观贴满十戒和丘吉尔名言的情景。）。
两个国家都培养出一种强烈的民族骄傲感，并且通过灌输外来强敌的概念来维护这种骄傲感。在古巴，敌人是美国（哈瓦那郊外一条尚未完工的高速公路旁，一个牌子上写着如果美国不封锁我们，这条公路很快就会完工）。在中国，敌人是那些试图让中国回到19世纪殖民地时代的西方人。但是，官方对敌人的需求并未泯灭普通人的热情，我曾经见到过对客人极为友好的古巴人和中国人。
两个国家都不能容忍异己的政见，他们也不认为在短期内需要公民投票的选举。让两个政党上台的革命行动就被当作是公民永远的授权，不需要再举行麻烦的全民投票了，革命就是公众永恒的裁决。
这些都是相似之处，但是两者的区别也相当明显……
古巴似乎停滞在1959年——老式汽车和外表斑驳的建筑物。中国似乎是已经跨越到2059年——炫目的摩天大厦、体育馆和机场。
古巴的统治者依然是当年革命的那些人（菲德尔卡斯特罗的弟弟劳尔卡斯特罗目前是总统，菲德尔时不时以报纸专栏作者的身份露面）。这些人在美国的禁运令下工作，在半个世纪中没有改变过自己的意识形态。
但是中国目前执政的是第四代领导人，这些人与早先的革命者已经有了一些距离。他们与全世界做生意，他们继承了在一代人之前就形成的用社会主义交换资本主义的理念。
两个国家都曾经尝试输出革命，但是中国现在只想输出商品。
古巴仍然是一个社会主义国家，它以自由、发达的教育和医疗系统而自豪（在哈瓦那，每隔几个街区就会发现一个公共医疗诊所）。中国曾经也有免费的公共医疗和教育服务，但是在80年代进行市场经济改革时摒弃了这些服务。因此，很多人认为现在中国是世界上最不社会主义的国家。中国数千万的流动工人都无法享受医疗服务（这种现象也让政府担忧，因此承诺提供免费或负担得起的医疗服务）。
古巴明显还是一个贫穷的国家，我在买面包的队伍中排了很长时间，人们购买食物还需要使用定量配给券（一位妇女让我看了看她手中的粮票，还向我解释她每个月可以购买多少大米）。
与此形成鲜明对比的是，中国部分地区已经相当富有。北京有一家国际体育服装商店，出售NBA的运动服和中国奥林匹克运动员服装——一排排的商品整整齐齐地码满了三层楼。我来到哈瓦那一家类似的商店中，一个房间中只有几件衬衫挂在架子上。我问售货员能否买一件古巴奥林匹克运动员的服装，得到的回答是很久之前就卖完了（订购更多的商品似乎不是一个可行的选择）。
如果你想在古巴发财，只能出国。但是在中国大陆上你就可以变得很富有。
一党执政的古巴决定把坚定不移地奉行社会主义作为继续执政的基础。而一党执政的中国认为金钱比公平更重要。
哪一方会胜出呢？
原文：
Hello again. Just back in China after a bit of time rummaging around Cuba. Although I was there as a tourist and not in any formal reporting role, I hope the Cuban authories will allow me to share some thoughts.
I decided to go there for a simple reason...
There are just five Communist states left in the world: China, North Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Cuba.
These five survived the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union - in effect, they are the remains of the movement that once threatened to dominate the world.
So, after having spent the last two years living in Communist-ruled China, I was curious to see what life was like in another Communist-run country. At the very least, I thought I could sing the Internationale and wave a hammer and sickle if I got into trouble.
There are plenty of similiarities...
The Chinese Communists came to power in 1949, the Cubans in 1959. Each revolution followed a strikingly similar path. Both were led for many years in the wilds by a charismatic leader - Mao Zedong in China, Fidel Castro in Cuba. The legend around each leader was built on a semi-suicidal manoeuvre - the Long March for Mao, the attack on the Moncada Barracks for Castro. Each man carried out his revolution against a regime portrayed as brutal and corrupt (the way museum exhibits in Havana condemn the indulgences of the ousted leader Fulgencio Batista reminded me of the way China routinely condemns the way the Dalai Lama used to live in Tibet).
After each revolution, each set of losers set up camp on the other side of a narrow strait directly facing their homeland - Chiang Kai-shek took his supporters to Taiwan, and Batista's supporters formed an exile community in Florida. These respective straits became sources of military tension for decades.
When you wander about Cuba, you tend to bump into things that remind you of China. On many streets there are signs for the local "Comite de la Defensa de la Revolucion" (Committee for the Defence of the Revolution) - the local neighbourhood organisation that keeps an eye on people's lives, similar to work units in China. Each party has managed to stay in power because of its ability to make its presence felt on every street, and in every house.
Both Communist Parties see themselves as instruments for social (and ideally moral) betterment. In Havana I came across signs encouraging alcoholics to get help at meetings. In one village I read a notice telling people to neuter their dogs. And then, there are the slogans - sayings from Castro and from Che Guevara printed on walls and placards across the country. Add this to what you find in China, and it's unlikely you can walk more than a few yards in either country without coming across wise words from your leaders (if you haven't been to a Communist country, it's a bit like seeing the Ten Commandments and the sayings of Churchill stuck all over Oxford Street).
Each state cultivates a strong sense of national pride and is sustained by the view that its enemies are out to destroy it. In Cuba, the enemy is the United States (a sign on the semi-finished motorway outside Havana says that the road would be finished quickly, if only the US ended its blockade). In China, the enemy is a West apparently keen to keep the country down and go back to the days of 19th century colonialism. But, this need for an official enemy doesn't always filter down to ordinary people - I've found ordinary Cubans and Chinese people to be incredibly hospitable to visitors.
Neither state tolerates any kind of political dissent - nor does it see any immediate need for general elections. The revolutions that brought each party to power are treated as never-ending mandates - no need for the trouble of a popular vote since the revolution is viewed as a permanent popular verdict.
Those are the similarities. But the differences are just as striking...
Cuba looks like it's stuck in 1959 - with old cars and crumbling buildings. China often looks like it's decided to skip ahead to 2059 - with a set of dazzling skyscrapers, stadiums and airports.
Cuba is still run by the men who carried out its revolution (Fidel Castro's younger brother Raul Castro is the president; Fidel himself still pops up regularly in his new job of newspaper columnist). These are men who work under a US embargo, who have not dramatically changed their ideology in half a century.
But China is run by its fourth generation - men who are several steps removed from the original revolution. These are men who do business with the entire world, who have inherited a system which traded socialism for capitalism a generation ago.
Both countries once tried to export revolution. But now China prefers simply to export goods.
Cuba is still a socialist country. It takes great pride in its free, well-developed education and health care systems (every few blocks in Havana you tend to run into a public health clinic.) China used to have free public services - but gave them up when it introduced market reforms in the 80s. As a result, many now believe that China is now one of the least socialist countries in the world. Tens of millions of migrant workers in China have no health care (a fact that worries the government which has promised to bring back free or affordable services.)
Cuba is still a noticeably poor country - I came across long queues for bread, and people still use ration books to buy food (one woman took me through hers, explaining how much rice she was allowed to buy every month).
By contrast, parts of China are staggeringly opulent. There's an international sportswear shop in Beijing that sells NBA jerseys and Chinese Olympic uniforms - rows and rows of goods perfectly displayed over three floors. I went to the equivalent shop in Havana - a bunch of shirts were crammed onto racks in one room. I asked if I could buy a Cuban Olympic uniform but was told that they'd run out a long time ago (ordering any more didn't appear to be an option).
To get rich in Cuba you have to leave the island. But, in China you can get rich in your homeland.
The one-party state of Cuba has bet on socialism as a way to stay in power. The one-party state of China has decided that money's a better bet than equality.
Which way wins? 在哈瓦那博物馆中，谴责古巴流亡领导人弗尔亨西奥‧巴蒂斯塔放纵生活的展览，让我回想起中国定期对达赖喇嘛在西藏生活的谴责活动
先发言 达赖是共党的革命对象吗？这太高看他了达赖也就西藏一大地主而已 有什么资格！谴责他又不是为了显示统治合法性而是维护统治权威 西方人太高看达赖了 Which way wins?
这两条路没有胜负因为不能是这两条路的对比而应是中国古巴道路和西方道路的对比 哦，这个James Reynolds啊，其实文章不用看就能猜个大概了！ 你在这两个国家的街道上走不了几步，总会发现一些领导人的警句
中国哪个城市走不了几步就会有领导人的警句啊？难道我没生活在中国？ 你在这两个国家的街道上走不了几步，总会发现一些领导人的警句
中国哪个城市走不了几步就会有领导人的警句 ...
记忆之门 发表于 2010-11-10 20:12 http://bbs.m4.cn/images/common/back.gif
比如八荣八耻，和谐社会之类的 你在这两个国家的街道上走不了几步，总会发现一些领导人的警句
中国哪个城市走不了几步就会有领导人的警句 ...
记忆之门 发表于 2010-11-10 20:12 http://bbs.m4.cn/images/common/back.gif
“ 北京有一家国际体育服装商店，出售NBA的运动服和中国奥林匹克运动员服装——一排排的商品整整齐齐地码满了三层楼。”
从这里就能看出来了，这个家伙声称他在中国待过两年，但很显然其实他只去过王府井匆匆转了一圈 中国是挂羊头卖狗肉，世界上恐怕找不出比中国更资本主义的国家了！ 这种在中国住了两年就以为了解中国的人……
为毛还要放他进来呢…… 古巴是单一经济国家，50年来一直被美国经济封锁，在保持全民教育和医疗，住房的情况下能如此很不容易！ 中国是挂羊头卖狗肉，世界上恐怕找不出比中国更资本主义的国家了！
言论自由否 发表于 2010-11-10 21:07 http://bbs.m4.cn/images/common/back.gif
哦？你知道什么是资本主义吗？
你有什么根据？ 08年那时知道这个“记者”，就两个字，肤浅 中国和古巴都不算“共产主义”国家。 回复 11# liophie
我不想和你争论，中国是不是资本主义，我想大家都心知肚明，只不过大家都是心照不宣罢了！ 看了个大概 真不敢相信 这样的人还说自己在中国生活了2年 他难道2年在中国都是几乎不出门的？ 连一些基本国情都不懂 比如八荣八耻，和谐社会之类的
和解团结 发表于 2010-11-10 20:34 http://bbs.m4.cn/images/common/back.gif
也比如美国街头的“Yes We Can ！！”什么的。。最起码中国的最多在电视上播播 路边上啥的 ，所谓民主国家会在大街上开着车用大喇叭骚扰你。 也比如美国街头的“Yes We Can ！！”什么的。。最起码中国的最多在电视上播播 路边上啥的 ，所谓民主 ...
davidhuyi 发表于 2010-11-11 11:30 http://bbs.m4.cn/images/common/back.gif
如果你看到美国大街和校园里满是十诫之类的，还有圣经里的话，那才能和中国对应 带着偏见在中国生活了两年？ 中国早就白猫黑猫搞了30年了，这记者还在说共产呢。 古巴毕竟小，对世界的影响没中国大，所以不会首先成为西方的眼中钉！中国就不一样了，能比较但还是不要全盘比的好！