〖08.11.20 McClatchy〗流亡藏人大会：白天辩论，夜晚聚会

荡漾

【原文标题】At Tibetan exiles forum, it's debate by day, party by night
【中文标题】流亡藏人会议：白天辩论，夜晚聚会
【登载媒体】McClatchy
【来源地址】http://www.mcclatchydc.com/staff/tim_johnson/story/56230.html
【译者】荡漾
【声明】本翻译供Anti-CNN使用，转载请注明译者及出处，谢谢！
【译文】
        在西藏精神领袖达赖喇嘛的号召下超过550位来自世界各地的流亡藏人本（上）周齐聚喜马拉雅山区地达兰萨拉讨论家园的未来，普遍认为这是个关键的时刻。

        白天他们在一起紧张地参加会议、讨论对抗中国对西藏高原地区控制的策略，今年年初那里出现了空前紧张混乱的场面。

        到了晚上，他们在咖啡馆、餐馆和酒吧齐聚一堂，问候远方的老朋友、欢迎新朋友，快乐地唱着藏族歌曲、大口大口喝着翠鸟啤酒。

        西藏可能正处在十字路口，但这次为期六天的流亡藏人会议气氛并不如想象中严肃，看起来更像是平等的各方轻松聊天。有人对西藏局势表示深深的悲叹，也有人将其当作一次藏文化的庆典，如同一个聚会。

        73岁的达赖喇嘛头顶诺贝尔和平奖的光环，被大多数藏人深深推崇如同上帝国王一般。在流亡基地所在镇上达赖喇嘛身居幕后，表示他不打算对紧急会议施加任何影响，而是倾听来自世界各地12万流亡藏人的声音。

        与会者中既有银行家、议员、学者、转世喇嘛、难民营领袖和学生积极分子，也包括一些批评家，他们批评只要能得到更大的自治达赖喇嘛愿意接受中国对西藏的主权统治。

        35岁的流亡藏人活动家Tenzin Tsundue戴着红色头巾称：“会议绝对充满了活力”“来了很多人，我曾经读过他们写的东西或者邮件却未曾谋面。当我们走到一起，感觉很好，我们是强大的”。

        Tenzin Losel同西藏流亡者一起工作，他补充说：“流亡政府未设法制定日程”，他指出流亡藏民已经被分成若干小组“我所在的组里有29个人。他们来自世界各地：欧洲、美国以及印度的各个安置点”。

        对大多数流亡藏人来说，这次会议是难得的相遇。

        国际西藏运动组织旨在推动西藏获得更多自由，其发言人英国人Kate Saunders说：“这里有不少人是十年后再次相遇”“感觉这既是历史性的会面，同时又像聚会”。

        在关起门来的会议讨论中，与会的流亡藏人表示自六年前就开始的达赖喇嘛代表与中国方面的会谈本月初宣告破裂是令人痛苦的。

        “我们首先必须做的事情就是停止谈判”住在尼泊尔加德满都的Tseten Norbu如是说，他是位于达兰萨拉的流亡藏人议会的一员。

        最后的一轮对话于10月31日至11月5日于北京进行，流亡藏人代表向中国方面提交了一份备忘录，呼吁藏人地区的“真正自治”，包括在宗教、教育和文化事务方面更大的自主权。

        中国高级谈判代表朱维群随即抨击此项提议其实质就是要造成中国西藏的分裂和独立。

        11月10日朱维群表示：“永不让步”，表明对话的焦点仅仅在于达赖喇嘛接受西藏现状。

        中国于1951年对西藏实行军事控制，达赖喇嘛因反对中国统治的起义夭折于1959年流亡至印度。中国投入发展资金帮助西藏摆脱贫困，提高生活标准。不过藏民抱怨说他们对有关发展的决策没有发言权、汉族移民涌入高原、威胁着他们的文化，而因为北京方面将其当作分裂犯罪分子佛教僧侣必须谴责达赖喇嘛。

        许多流亡藏人表示他们通过这次会议他们有更多机会提出自己的意见，但也有持不同意见的人士称西藏的丧钟即将敲响。

        鼓吹西藏独立的西藏青年大会前任领导Lhasang Tsering称：“我们花了30年时间等中国政府”，他意指曾任中国领导人的邓小平说过只要西藏不从中国分裂出去所有有关西藏的问题都可以对话。

        Tsering现在想问：“我们要等300年，还是3000年，然后听到中国人告诉我们‘你们什么也得不到’吗？”“再过30年，我们就会被干掉了”。

        Tsering希望流亡藏人能回归独立的主张，若有必要则通过宣传“在中国境内针对工业、电力供应和通讯组织破坏活动”。

        在美国CIA提供部分资金支持下流亡藏人曾经发动过游击战，但于20世纪60年代以失败告终。

        因西藏问题公开宣传而多次在印度被捕的Tsundue表示流亡藏人应遵从非暴力原则但应该更多运用对抗的手段。

        他说：“哪里有不公平，我们就到哪里去战斗。我们会挨打，我们会入狱，打官司我们也会战斗到底”。

        负责海外宣传的发言人Saunders表示达赖喇嘛不会丢弃他的和平姿态。

        她说：“达赖喇嘛的非暴力立场是坚定的”。

        为期六天的会议将于周六结束，而达赖喇嘛将于周日做公开演讲。

本文作者Tim Johanson流亡藏人会议期间一直呆在达兰萨拉，写了多篇报道，有关达兰萨拉见闻参阅: http://bbs.m4.cn/thread-119582-1-1.html

【原文】

(by Tim Johanson)
DHARAMSALA, India — Summoned by the Dalai Lama, Tibet's spiritual leader, more than 550 Tibetan exiles from around the globe have descended on this Himalayan hill station this week to debate the future of their homeland, which many see at a crucial juncture.

By day, they gather in intense sessions, devising strategies to challenge China over its firm grip on the Tibetan Plateau, the scene of unprecedented rioting earlier this year.

By night, they flock to coffee shops, restaurants and bars, greeting old friends from afar and new acquaintances, singing Tibetan songs, quaffing Kingfisher beer and making merry.

Tibet may be at a crossroads, but this six-day forum of exiles is turning into an unusual event that seems equal parts structured bull session, a profound lament over Tibet's situation, a celebration of its culture and, well, a party.

The Dalai Lama, the 73-year-old Nobel Peace laureate who's revered as a God-king by most Tibetans, has remained behind the scenes in this town, his exile base, saying that he doesn't want to put any imprint on the emergency meeting, which has drawn voices from among the 120,000 Tibetan exiles spread around the world.

Participants include bankers, parliamentarians, scholars, reincarnated lamas, refugee camp leaders, student activists and even a few critics of the Dalai Lama's position that Tibetans can accept China's sovereignty over Tibet as long as there's greater autonomy there.

"It is absolutely energizing," said Tenzin Tsundue, a 35-year-old Tibetan exile activist who wears a signature red bandanna around his head. "There are many people who I've read about or whose e-mail I've read. But I've never met them. When you come together, you feel good. We are strong."

"The government (in exile) did not try to make any agenda," added Tenzin Losel, who works with Tibetan refugees, noting that exiles had been broken into smaller groups. "In my group, there are 29 people. They come from all over the world, from Europe, from the States, from settlements all over India."

For most of the exiles, the meeting is a rare encounter.

"There are people here who haven't seen each other in 10 years," said Kate Saunders, a Briton who's the spokeswoman for the International Campaign for Tibet, an advocacy group for greater freedom in Tibet. "There is a sense of a historic meeting and a party at the same time."

At the closed-door sessions, exile participants say, there's been anguish that talks between the Dalai Lama's envoys and China's reached the point of rupture earlier this month, six years after they began.

"Stop the negotiations. That's the first thing we have to do," said Tseten Norbu, who lives in Katmandu, Nepal, and is a member of the Tibetan parliament in exile, which has its seat in Dharamsala.

At the last round of talks, from Oct. 31 to Nov. 5 in Beijing, Tibetan exile envoys presented a memorandum to their Chinese counterparts calling for "genuine autonomy" for the Tibetan region, including greater self-determination over religious, educational and cultural matters.

Afterward, China's senior negotiator, Zhu Weiqun, excoriated the proposal as a subterfuge designed to lead to China's dismemberment and independence for Tibet.

"We will never make a concession," Zhu said Nov. 10, suggesting that the talks would focus only on the Dalai Lama's acceptance of the status quo in Tibet.

China took military control of Tibet in 1951, and the Dalai Lama fled into exile to India in 1959 amid aborted uprisings against Chinese rule. Beijing has poured development aid into impoverished Tibet, raising living standards. Tibetans complain, though, that they have no say in development decisions. They say that migrant Han Chinese are swamping the plateau, threatening their culture, and that Buddhist monks are obligated to denounce the Dalai Lama, whom Beijing regards as a criminal separatist.

While many exiles say they're uplifted by the chance to voice their opinions, a few dissidents say the clock is ticking toward doom for Tibet.

"We've waited 30 years for the Chinese government," said Lhasang Tsering, a former head of the Tibetan Youth Congress, a group that advocates independence. He referred to the date when Tibetans claim that former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping said that all matters regarding Tibet were up for negotiation short of its breaking away from China.

"Are we going to wait for 300 years, or 3,000 years, for the Chinese people to tell us, 'You are going to get nothing'?" Tsering asked. "We are going to be wiped out in 30 years."

Tsering said he hoped that Tibetan exiles would return to a policy of demanding independence and using, if necessary, a campaign "to target their industries, their power supply and communications inside China through acts of sabotage."

A previous guerrilla campaign by Tibetan exiles, funded partly by the CIA, ended in failure in the 1960s.

Tsundue, who's been detained in India repeatedly for publicity campaigns on the Tibet issue, said exiles should adhere to principles of nonviolence but use more confrontation.

"Where there is injustice, we will go there and fight. We will receive the beatings. We will go to jail. We will fight court cases," he said.

Saunders, the spokeswoman for the overseas campaign, said the Dalai Lama wouldn't be swayed from his stance on pacifism.

"The Dalai Lama's approach on nonviolence is non-negotiable," she said.

The six-day forum draws to a close Saturday, and the Dalai Lama is expected to speak publicly Sunday.

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