美国国立公共电台：犹太人历史上的上海天堂面临被毁

vivian3258

登载媒体：美国国立公共电台
原文链接：http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=100522156
翻译方式：原创
声明：Anti-CNN原创翻译，转载请注明出处，译者，及译文链接！

Morning Edition, February 11, 2009 ·
Part of Shanghai's Jewish history is under threat from bulldozers.
2009年2月11日, 晨讯
上海部分犹太历史正受到来自推土机的威胁


In the 1930s, Shanghai was the only place in the world to offer visa-free sanctuary to Jews fleeing Nazism — 20,000 ended up in Shanghai. In 1943, the Japanese restricted them to a one-square-mile area, which became known as Little Vienna.
上世纪30年代，上海曾是世界上最后一处犹太人免遭纳粹毒手的避难地，无需签证即可入境，这里总共收留了20000名难民。1943年，日本人将他们限制在一平方英里的一处区域内，也即后来的“小维也纳”地区。


A pianist and a violinist used to play popular music for customers at the White Horse Inn, or Das Weisse Rossl. The waitresses wore dirndls — traditional Bavarian outfits — and the menu featured Wiener schnitzel.
在当时的白马旅馆，也即 Das Weisse Rossl，曾经有一位钢琴师兼小提琴手为这里用餐的人们演奏时兴的乐曲。那时的女服务员还穿着紧身连衣裙——巴伐利亚妇女的传统裙装——而煎猪排则是这里的招牌菜。


But the White Horse wasn't in Austria or Germany, it was in wartime Shanghai. And for the city's wealthier Jewish refugees, it offered a memory of homes that no longer existed.
不过，这座白马旅馆不在奥地利，也不在德国，而是在战时的上海。对于这座城市里相对更富裕的犹太难民们来说，这座旅馆让他们想起了不复存在的家园。


"My wedding party was in White Horse Inn, which was fantastic," remembers Kurt Mosberg, now 90 years old and living in Sydney. "It was mostly my friends, mostly Jewish people, about 120 people. Thinking that it was in Shanghai, it's an amazing thing, you know."
Kurt Mosberg回忆道，“我的婚礼派对就是在白马旅馆举行的，那里棒极了，”现已90高龄的他目前居住在悉尼，“那天大概来了120个人，大多数都是我的朋友，都是犹太人。要知道，想想这是在当时的上海，真是不可思议。”


Mosberg's parents started the White Horse Inn in Shanghai in 1939 and ran it for five years as a nightclub.
1939年，Mosberg的父母在上海开办了这家白马旅馆，此后五年间将它经营成了一家夜总会。



Uncovering Layers Of the Past
揭开尘封的历史

Today, the building still stands. It's easily identified by a distinctive fluted circular turret. Below that, painted on its wall is the Chinese character "to be demolished." The White Horse Inn is among a number of buildings inside the Jewish district to be knocked down to make way for a widened road.
今天，这座建筑依旧矗立着。通过楼顶那个标志性的圆形角楼（？）人们很容易就能认出它。在角楼下面的墙上，图着几个汉字“待拆”。犹太人区里有一批建筑都将为了道路拓宽而被拆除，白马旅馆便是其中之一。



As they start work, the demolition crews are uncovering layers of the past, like unwitting architectural archaeologists. By knocking down shop facades, old shop signs beneath are revealed, like one for Wuerstel Tenor, a sandwich shop, which had been covered for decades.
当拆房工人们开始动工的时候，他们就成了一批并不知情的建筑考古学家，层层剥开一段尘封的历史。把这些店面结构的前面部分敲掉以后，古老的店牌得以重见天日，正如Wuerstel Tenor，一家三明治店在尘封了十几年后终被发现一样。



They will pull down other fading shop fronts at the heart of Little Vienna, as well — those of Cafe Atlantic and Horn's Imbiss-stube (Horn's Snack Bar).
工作人员还将拆除位于小维也纳中心区域的其他陈旧的店铺正前门，大西洋咖啡厅和Horn's Snack Bar的前门也不例外。



"The existing refugee coffee shops [and] restaurants were a shining light in the lives of the refugees, who did not know how long their isolation and misery would last, should they survive," says Rena Krasno, who has written about her experiences living through World War II in Shanghai.
“这些保留至今的难民咖啡店（以及）餐厅是当年犹太难民们生活中的一盏明灯，他们不知道自己即便能活下来，隔离何时才能解除、苦难还将持续多久。” Rena Krasno说。她曾撰写了一本书，描述自己如何在二战时期的上海如何生存下来的亲身经历。

"In these eateries, they felt they were back in Europe … and for a short time eliminated their painful fate from their minds," she says.
“在吃的方面，他们感觉自己仿佛回到了欧洲……并且在较短的一段时间里，这消除了他们心中对于自身命运的感伤。”


Dvir Bar-Gal is an Israeli journalist who is writing a book about Shanghai's Jewish past. He also leads tours around the Jewish quarter. For him, the question is how important it is for a society to keep its past. If the demolitions go ahead, he fears there will be less and less to show visitors, and he fears the little-known story of Shanghai's Jewish past will be in danger of being completely forgotten.
Dvir Bar-Gal 是一名以色列的记者，日前正在写一本有关在沪犹太难民历史的书籍。他也是这片犹太人区的导游。在他看来，问题在于保留一个社会的过去有多么重要。如果拆除工程继续，他担心将来能呈现给参观者看的东西越来越少，他还担心,犹太难民在上海的那段本已鲜为人知的往昔,将有被彻底遗忘的危险。

"People will stop coming. There will be no interest in the almost forgotten story of the 1940s, the people who were saved here from the Nazis," he says.
“人们不会再来了。对于几近被遗忘的40年代故事，那些曾经逃离纳粹在此避难的人们的故事，将不再有人关心。”他说。

Preserving History Difficult, Unpopular
保留历史很难，不受欢迎

In 2005, the Chinese government declared 70 acres of the Jewish ghetto a conservation zone. The White Horse Inn and buildings slated for demolition are inside that zone, but aren't designated protected buildings.
2005年，中国政府宣称70英亩犹太人聚居区为保护区。因被拆除而受责怪的白马旅馆和其它建筑在这个区域内，但未被指定是受保护的建筑。

Ruan Yisan, a professor at Tongji University in Shanghai, oversaw the designation of the conservation zone three years ago. Yet he had no idea about the demolitions until alerted by NPR. After visiting the area, he vowed to take action.
Ruan Yisan，上海同济大学教授，3年前负责保护区的制定。但在美国国立公共电台(National Public Radio, NPR)提醒之前他对拆除全然不知。考察完该区域，他立誓要采取行动。



"I'll start making appeals to see what options there are," he says. "These are important historical sites in the conservation zone. If you knock them down, it will never recover."
“我要开始呼吁有没有其它的办法。”他说，“这些是保护区内重要的历史遗迹。如果你拆掉它们，它将永远不能恢复。”

But the professor notes that preserving history is difficult — and unpopular — in China.
但教授指出保留历史很难——而且不受欢迎——在中国。

"Normal people all want these buildings knocked down, the government wants to knock them down, the developers want to knock them down. It's only us conservationists who want to keep them."
“普通人全都希望这些楼被拆掉，政府希望拆掉它们，发展商希望拆掉它们。只有我们这些保护主义者希望保留它们。”

Officials Try To Strike Balance
政府试图公正处理

For local government officials in Shanghai, the case is a classic example of the challenge they face in balancing the city's modernization with conservation of its past. But Cheng Jun from the Hongkou district urban planning and management bureau says the demolitions are necessary to form part of a larger road network.
对于上海市政府官员而言，这次的事件算得上是考验他们如何在建设现代化与保护历史之间找到平衡点的典范。不过来自虹口区城市规划管理局的程军（音译）认为，为了建成一个更为发达的公路网，这次拆除是势在必行的。

"In the future, the amount of traffic will be far greater. And we must build roads for that, otherwise the traffic in the city center will be a catastrophe," he says.
“将来，车流量会大大增加。为此，我们必须修建公路，否则市中心的交通出行将会是一场灾难。”他说。

"When we drew up the conservation zone, we decided then to widen this particular road, as the impact would be relatively small."
“当我们在拆除这片保护区的时候，我们决定只把这条马路拓宽，这样受到的影响就会相对低一些。”

Another official, Chen Jian from the Hongkou district government, emphasizes that many other historic buildings, dating back to the time of the Jewish ghetto, still remain, including the Ohel Moshe Synagogue, which has become the Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum.
另一位来自虹口区政府的官员陈建（音译）则强调说，在犹太人区尚存的时期的许多历史建筑被保存至今，其中就包括摩西会堂，即今天的上海犹太人避难博物馆。



"We'll do our best to remove and save some of the most valuable artifacts, if feasible," he says. "But that's not to say that we won't demolish these buildings."
“我们会尽我们所能移动和保留这里部分最有价值的艺术品，如果办得到的话，” 他说。“但是这并不等于说我们不会拆了这些建筑。”

Vanishing Without A Trace?
消失得一干二净？

That decision will not be welcomed by Gary Matzdorff, an 83-year-old refugee who now lives in California. He remembers the White Horse Inn clearly, because his father went there every afternoon to sip coffee and chat.
Gary Matzdorff，一位现年83岁、居住在加利福尼亚州的老人，显然不会答应这样的决定。他清晰地记得那座白马旅馆，因为那是他父亲当年每天下午都要去小酌和聊天的地方。

"I'm very saddened to hear that it's really going to be demolished," he says. "It's not a happy thought that this area is going to be destroyed for the purpose of so-called progress."
“当得知这里真的将要被拆除的时候，我非常地难过。”他说道，“一想到这个区域会为了所谓的发展而被毁掉，心里就很不愉快。”

Back in 1983, one former refugee, Fred Marcus, returned to Shanghai. His first reaction, noted in his diaries, which have just been published posthumously, was shock.
1983年，此前的一位犹太难民Fred Marcus重返上海。在他死后出版的日记中，记录着他当时的第一反应，就是震惊。

"It was as if we had never been there!" he wrote. "More than 20,000 people vanished without a trace!"
“就像是我们从未来过这里一样！”他写道，“20000多人就这么消失得一干二净！”

His initial confusion was due to the rundown nature of the area, rather than demolitions. But his words now sound like a prediction, as building for China's future obliterates its past.
他最初的困惑在于这个地区越来越不受重视，而非拆除。但他的话现在听起来像是个预言——中国未来的建设正在抹煞它的过去。

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝
信源来自网友lovepuppy 对原报道的简要摘译：
美国国立公共电台报犹太人上海聚居区被拆，别有用意
http://bbs.m4.cn/thread-140224-1-1.html

墨羽

这篇是来自哪家媒体？

火离hl

我怎么不知道？

阿寸

在他死后出版的日记中………………

空气稀薄

这篇是来自哪家媒体？
墨羽 发表于 2009-2-14 00:54

就是昨天摘译的那一篇，特约编译把全文完整翻译出来了，还请前辈多多指教:P

空气稀薄

Thelma Francisco (Fela) wrote:
I hope the Jewish community does something about it quick, so we don't loose this piece of history.
felissa。

Roger Gershaw (RGersh) wrote:
Wehave toured China two times and one of the highlights was that of theShanghai Ghetto with Dvir. The history of that time needs to beconserved so we are knowledgable enough to NOT repeat the past. What isnext...Do we tear down what Sassoon had built...Do we tear down thehistory of the Flying Tigers...Do we tear down the Burma Road? Chinahas grown and survived because of some of these major events.
Whendo the future generations learn from the past. If wider roads needed bydevelopment groups are the answer than we all have a problem.
Inanswer to Fuzzy Chicken and the concern over the Palestinians...othernearby countries would not accept them...but the Chinese at that timein history did and many survived.
The Shanghai Jews duringinternment were not wealthy and struggled to survive. Without theChinese of that era they would have been sent to the ovens of Europe.
Ihope the Chinese of today take a closer look at this history which theyare rich in and choose to preserve it for future generations.

Joe Shuren (joeshuren) wrote:
Thepoint that Shanghai was the only place for which Jews could get a visaleaves out the statement that Jews were refused entry to the US duringthis same time. That point should give pause to Americans quick tocriticize Chinese officials for demolishing old buildings. In fact,Shanghai's Jewish community and remaining buildings are the subject ofseveral books and popular tours, and there is a small Jewish communityand temple in Shanghai still with kosher food, although not largeenough to maintain empty buildings in areas with high land prices. Thisliving community of Shanghai Jews should be helped instead of urged tomove to Israel or Brooklyn, and Israeli government should support theminstead of supporting the splittist Dalai Lama. You know, both Jews andChinese have a diaspora and we need to learn from them how to createsustainable communities (even in the midst of hypermodern megacitiessuch as Shanghai) while at the same time learning how to be worldcitizens above petty nationalist concerns.


sup erf (superfancy) wrote:
<<two pack (ordony) wrote:
hay ...just be thankful for the hospitality .its there country let them do what they want. />>
Ah, true words indeed -- raison d'etre of today's nation of Israel I'd imagine...

simon wang (rector) wrote:
Let'sput the history of the Jews in Shanghai in context. We're talking abouta population of 20,000 in a country of 1.3 billion. We're talking about5 years in a nation with 5,000 years of history. Do we expect oridinarychinese people to give up progress to preserve a cafe because an oldaustrian man has some fond memories there?


two pack (ordony) wrote:
hay ...just be thankful for the hospitality .its there country let them do what they want.

Fuzzy Chickens (fuzzychickens) wrote:
Arthur,
It's a matter of lopsided attention paid to the plight of one group far in excess to another.
In fact, we almost demonize people who bring up palestinian suffering. The media coverage of it is weak and pathetic.


Dan Kovalcik (Dan_K) wrote:
Thebattle between history and future is a bittersweet one... I have nodoubt that the Chinese engineers have a very good reason to tear downthis building. At the same time, however, it seems a shame to lose animportant part of history.
Why not a compromise? Pick thebuilding up and relocate it somewhere in the historic district thatdoes not interfere with the current construction. Holding onto historyis EXTREMELY important but it shouldn't have to come at the expense ofprogress.


Arthur Milrod (AAM) wrote:
FuzzyChickens seems plucked: "I bet Palestinians know the feeling, but thatperspective seems to be largely ignored. Not sure why this story is soimportant right now."
This is a story about Jews escapingNazi Germany and The Holocaust. Where do Palestinians and the MiddleEast come into this story?


Bill Eng (FloridaBill) wrote:
Iwas listening to this story over the radio this morning, but whatshocked me was what was left out. At no time does this article or theradio broadcast mention how international community of Europeans got afoothold in Shanghai. There was no mention of the Opium Wars wheremillions of chinese died from the import of heroin, including membersof my family. Nowhere did I read that China was forced to concede partof its country to Europeans after its defeat because China refused toallow the import of heroin. Does it take a genius to understand why theaverage chinese does not care and even supports the destruction ofthese buildings?


Helen Ferguson (tootsie) wrote:
Thankyou NPR for publicizing this story. The history of the Jewish Ghetto inShanghi is little known and a fascinating one. I want to recommend thedocumentary "Shanghi Ghetto" available on Netfix (as a rental orinstant watching)or possibly at your library to anyone who wishes toknow more about this period.


S M (SRM) wrote:
TheJewish ghetto was definitely not formed by the Chinese, but rather bythe Japanese occupation forces. Prior to Japan's occupation, the Jewishrefugees bought property and settled in the French Quarter,International Concession and other areas. My mother's family renovatedseveral apartments in the French Quarter. When the Japanese came in,they force all the Jews (even non-refugees) to pack into the alreadyovercrowded Hongkew area which became the ghetto. The Japanese did thisunder pressure from Germany! Prior to that, thanks to the Japanese,many Jews were saved through Japanese intervention (Chiune Sughihara,the consul to Kovno signed thousands of transit visas - my father'samong them - which allowed escape to Japan). Germany forced Japan to"ghettoize the Jews" and Japan transferred the refugees to Shanghai, myfather among them. The poverty-stricken Chinese helped and befriendedthe Jews. My father spoke about how terribly harsh the Japanese were tothe Chinese. In contrast, other than forcing Jews into the ghetto, theJapanese were not as harsh to the Jews.

ying brach (madearth) wrote:
Howmuch is too much to ask some one else do for you? China has a very longhistory with Billions of people, Jews should respect their choice.Jewish Haven In Shanghai was the only place in the world to offervisa-free sanctuary to Jews fleeing Nazism. For Jews, they shouldforever be grateful, it was a survival story there, then they did moveon to better places in the world left Shanghai behind. Chen Jian fromthe Hongkou district government, emphasizes that many other historicbuildings, dating back to the time of the Jewish ghetto, still remain,including the Ohel Moshe Synagogue, which has become the ShanghaiJewish Refugees Museum.


Daniel Stolzberg (DStolz) wrote:
Iwould like to see the Israeli government or other Jewish organizationtry to help the Chinese government accommodate this piece of Jewishhistory. While the Holocaust is receding in the memories of some, it isimperative that physical reminders of the attempted genocide bepreserved at great cost.


wei zhang (aweigh) wrote:
Hopeboth public and private sectors could soon cooperate with each other,with the aim of trying to restore this classic restaurant in Shanghai.


Patrick Wu (Wu1821) wrote:
It'sinteresting to learn there is Jewish ghetto in China. Chinese usuallyassociate Jews with wealth, so it makes complete no sense to keep aJewish ghetto.

Fuzzy Chickens (fuzzychickens) wrote:
I bet Palestinians know the feeling, but that perspective seems to be largely ignored.
Not sure why this story is so important right now.
I wish there was better and unbiased reporting coming from the middle east.

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/storyComments.php?storyId=100522156&pageNum=1

墨羽

就是昨天摘译的那一篇，特约编译把全文完整翻译出来了，还请前辈多多指教:P
空气稀薄 发表于 2009-2-13 17:22

哦，因为标的是“欧洲媒体”，所以有些奇怪。

yonghongy23

上海有关部门应该和世界上的有关国际组织，包括世界犹太组织一道保护这个地区，它一方面可以展示中国人的善良本质，另一方面也可以教育世人，特别是那些二战的犹太幸存者的后代，不要忘记历史，立刻结束与巴勒斯坦人的长期对峙和相互伤害。以下是我在参观位于柏林的犹太人博物馆时拍下的有关当年犹太人在上海避难的照片。

小布er什wk

犹太人会不会捐钱把建筑保护起来

五星出东方

现在中国人否定历史,否定文化是潮流.   美国人肯定想不到我们比美国还"自由".

liangfengyehong

唉，怎么还这么短视呢！！！

ye_jian_wei

我觉得我们干什么不重要，最重要是要继承那种善良的品质，而遗留下来的东西那就看犹太人对记忆的态度，如果他们的行动不能表现出足够的重视，那我们能做什么呢？毕竟这不是像汶川那里那样将会永远铭刻在所有中国人脑海里。

kkdream

这些记忆对犹太人很重要吗？那犹太人可以提出好的解决方法吗？不要一句我们不希望它们被拆除就万事大吉

daniel1

犹太人不过是见利忘义的民族，中国有必要珍重这段历史吗？

无可就要

凭什么我们要拿纳税人的钱来保护他们在中国留下的痕迹.

城市的发展不能因为他们而停滞

Pal

看照片，那旅馆确实残旧不堪，可以考虑搬迁改建。
不需要签证即到上海？
我看的一个纪录片是：
二战没有一个仁慈的国家愿意收留，只有中国外交官冒着生命危险给了很多人签证到中国避难（大概几千人）
此人是“中国辛德勒”

superstar

我心里始终有个疑问，我认为历史文物应该有所取舍，而不是什么都要留下来，中国人口众多，哪有那么多建筑，设备去保留太多的历史文物。有些文物，可以拍设成照片留存，而不是实物。
试想，你们的家庭里，太多的东西，有多少是有用的？有多少是今天塞这里，明天塞那里，而人生活的空间越来越狭小。
我的想法可能很多人不支持。但保存旧物的成本有时比享受新事物的成本要高的多。
文物要保存，但要留下精品。

大地一聲雷

戰後的中國超過六萬猶太人，不是去美國就是到巴勒斯坦準備復國大業。留在中國的不過百人左右，對中國而言，他們是真正的過客。
既然是過客，那拆除這些舊有建築也沒什麼不對。客人都走了，何必再把茶水點心留著？
有猶太人說：「(中國人把這裡弄得)就像是我们从未来过这里一样」，我倒想反問他們，你們又沒有在這裡落地生根，中國人沒有義務把那裡的時鐘一直放在二三零年代不動，甚至為此犧牲城市發展。
回復中有人說得很對，how much is too much，除非以色列或猶太組織願意出錢出力來維持重建這些過去的猶太建築，否則沒有人有資格置喙中國人拆房子的權利。

大地一聲雷

看照片，那旅馆确实残旧不堪，可以考虑搬迁改建。
不需要签证即到上海？
我看的一个纪录片是：
二战没有一个仁慈的国家愿意收留，只有中国外交官冒着生命危险给了很多人签证到中国避难（大概几千人）
此人是“中国辛 ...
Pal 发表于 2009-2-14 14:50

當時上海公共租界，是各國僑民所組成的的委員會所共同維持。沒有政府或單位管轄，乃名符其實的無政府地帶。所以完全不需要簽證就能進入，使得一個小小租界竟然有二十多個國家六十多個民族同時居住在此。
至於日本占據上海後，由於非常匆忙，也沒有時間建立簽證制度，所以猶太人才能湧入上海。
而那位發簽證的外交官，就我所知是因為當時出境也必須有簽證，所以何鳳山才發了許多簽證得以讓猶太人離開歐洲。
另外某位日本外交官好像比何鳳山更有名，但他發的簽證沒有何鳳山的三分之一。

st_aster

活该，挡了别人的财路