[联合翻译]【globalresearch】Geo-Strategic Chessboard: War Between India and Chi ...

rlsrls08

7.

The Hindustani Wild Card: India as a Eurasian Wedge against China?
  
印度万能牌: 印度作为欧亚大陆的楔子制衡中国?

To obstruct the unification of Russia, Iran, and China the Bush Jr. Administration in 2004 intensified the venture of using India as a Eurasian wedge or counter-weight to China. The U.S. aim is to eventually undermine the coalition between Russia, China, and Iran by using India or alternatively to use India as a spearhead against the Chinese. This latter tactic would be similar to the strategy used by the U.S. government in relation to Iraq and Iran, which resulted in the Iraq-Iran War in 1980.  
为了阻止俄罗斯，伊朗和中国联盟，2004年小布什政府加强了把印度当作欧亚大陆楔子或者中国平衡力的冒险活动。美国的最终目标是使用印度来削弱俄罗斯，中国和伊朗的联盟，或者二者择其一地使用印度作为反对中国的前锋。后一种策略类似于伊拉克和伊朗的关系中美国政府所使用的策略，导致后来1980年的两伊战争。

In this Iraq-Iran War model both Baghdad and Tehran were seen as enemies by U.S. strategists and the aim was to get both Middle Eastern republics to neutralize one another. Henry Kissinger summed this U.S. policy by saying the point was for both the Iraqi and Iranian sides to destroy one another. The same scenario could happen and be applied to India and China. The realization of this confrontational project has already been announced by the Indian military. What has long been thought has become public and that is that the Indian military has been preparing for war against Beijing. This is the second element to the question about the Indian military build-up.

在两伊战争模式中，巴格达和德黑兰均被美国的战略家视为敌人，目的是要让这两个中东国家互相抵消。基辛格概括美国的政策说: 关键就是让伊拉克和伊朗毁灭对方。同样的情况可能发生和适用于印度和中国。印度军方已经宣布了开始实施这一对抗性项目。人们长期以来一直猜测的已经成为公开的事情，那就是，印度军方已开始对北京备战。这是印度增强军事力量的第二个元素。

The Hindustan Times reported on March 26, 2009:

2009年3月26日”印度斯坦时报”报道：

The Indian military fears a [sic.] ‘Chinese aggression’ in less than a decade. A secret exercise, called ‘Divine Matrix’, by the army’s military operations directorate has visualised a war scenario with the nuclear-armed neighbour before 2017.

印度军方担心[原文如此]在不到十年的时间里‘中国的侵略’。陆军的军事行动指挥部进行了一个名叫'神圣矩阵'的秘密演习，模拟2017年与具备核武器的邻国的战争场景。


“A misadventure by China is very much within the realm of possibility with Beijing trying to position itself as the only power in the region. There will be no nuclear warfare but a short, swift war that could have menacing consequences for India,” said an army officer, who was part of the three-day war games that ended on Wednesday.  

中国有多么不幸取决于北京试图将自己定位作为该地区唯一力量的程度。未来将不会是核战争，而只是一个短暂的，迅速的战争，并可能对印度造成威胁的后果。“一名军官说，他参加了周三结束的为期3天的战争演习。


In the military’s assessment, based on a six-month study of various scenarios before the war games, China would rely on information warfare (IW) to bring India down on its knees before launching an offensive.   

在演习前6个月对各种情况进行了研究的基础上，军方评估认为中国在发动进攻之前将依靠信息战来打倒印度。


The war games saw generals raising concerns about the IW battalions of the People’s Liberation Army carrying out hacker attacks for military espionage, intelligence collection, paralysing communication systems, compromising airport security, inflicting damage on the banking system and disabling power grids. “We need to spend more on developing information warfare capability,” he said.


通过战争演习，将军们对黑客攻击提高了关注。解放军可能利用黑客进行军事间谍活动，收集情报，瘫痪通信系统，损害机场安全，摧毁银行系统和破坏电网。 “我们需要花更多的钱发展信息战能力。”他说。


The war games dispelled the notion that China would take at least one season (one year) for a substantial military build-up across India’s northeastern frontiers. “The Tibetan infrastructure has been improved considerably.  The PLA can now launch an assault very quickly, without any warning, the officer said.

该官员说: 战争演习改变了印度对中国至少需要一个季节（一年）的时间在印度东北部边界大量集结军事的看法。 “西藏的基础设施已大有改善。解放军现在可以毫无预兆地，很快地发动攻击。


The military believes that China would have swamped Tibet with sweeping demographic changes in the medium term. For the purposes of Divine Matrix, China would call Dalai Lama for rapprochement and neutralise him. The top brass also brainstormed over India’s options in case Pakistan joined the war to [sic.; too]. Another apprehension was that Myanmar and Bangladesh would align with China in the future geostrategic environment.  

军方认为，在中期中国会在西藏境内大量派遣人员。就"神圣矩阵"的目的而言，中国将会要求跟达赖喇嘛和谈和压制他。高层还集体讨论了如果巴基斯坦加入战争[原文如此]，印度将有什么选择。另一个忧虑就是，在未来的地缘战略环境，缅甸和孟加拉国将会与中国保持一致。


Although the materialization of a war against China is not a guaranteed event, war preparations are being made against the Chinese. The disturbances within the borders of China in Xinjiang and Tibet and in Myanmar (Burma), which is important to Chinese energy security, that are so widely advertised in the name of democracy and self-determination in the U.S. and E.U. are part of an effort to destabilize and weaken China. It is also in this context that India is involved with operations, such as supporting the Tibetan government-in-exile of the Dahali Lama, that have been destabilizing China.

虽然对中国的战争不一定会发生，但战争准备却是针对中国在进行。在中国边境的新疆，西藏(中国能源安全非常重要的地区)和缅甸，籍着民主和自治的名义发生的骚乱，在美国和欧盟获得了如此广泛的宣称，乃是破坏和削弱中国的努力的一部分。也正是在这个背景下，印度参与了行动，例如支持达赖喇嘛的西藏流亡政府，其一直在破坏中国的稳定。


The Australian military has also announced it is expanding its military in preparation for a forecast major war in the Asia-Pacific region. [7] Japan has also been expanding its military, while Tokyo has been preparing itself to join a NATO-like sister-alliance in the Asia-Pacific that would include Australia, the U.S., and South Korea and be directed against China, Russia, and North Korea. [8] Myanmar and Laos can be targeted too by this military build-up and NATO-like alliance, as can the other Southeast Asian states of Indo-China, specifically Vietnam and Cambodia, if they change their policies.

澳大利亚军方也宣布将扩大军备，为了预测的亚太地区的重大战争。 [7]日本也一直在扩充军力，东京一直在准备加入类似北约的亚太联盟组织，其中包括澳大利亚，美国和韩国，以对抗中国，俄罗斯和北朝鲜为目的。 [8]缅甸和老挝可能也被军事集结和类似北约的联盟当成目标。其他东南亚国家，特别是越南和柬埔寨，如果他们改变政策的话也同样被视为目标。



8.  

The Strategic Ties of New Delhi and Tel Aviv: Indo-Israeli Military and Space Cooperation

新德里和特拉维夫的战略关系：印度和以色列的军事和航天合作


On January 21, 2008 a new chapter in Indo-Israeli strategic cooperation was unveiled; India launched a Israeli spy satellite, known as TecSAR (TechSAR) or Polaris, into space via an Indian space rocket at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, Andhra Padesh. [9] The Israeli satellite was bragged to be mainly aimed against Iran by Israeli sources. [10] Israel’s spy satellite launched by India has greatly enhances Israel’s intelligence-gathering capabilities against Iran, Syria, and Lebanon.

2008年1月21日揭开了印以战略合作新篇章。在安得拉邦斯里哈里科塔的航天中心，通过一个印度的太空火箭，印度发射了一颗以色列间谍卫星(称为TecSAR或北极星)进入太空。 [9]以色列方面说卫星的主要目的是针对伊朗。 [10]通过印度发射的以色列间谍卫星大大增强了以色列对伊朗，叙利亚和黎巴嫩的情报收集能力。


The satellite launch by New Delhi has revealed that the Indian government has little reservations in assisting in any Israeli or Anglo-American military ventures in the Middle East against Iran and its allies. Tehran immediately voiced its strong and official disapproval to India for aiding Israeli military objectives against Iran’s national security. The Israeli satellite launch was delayed several times. The Jerusalem Post and one of its noted reporters, Yaakov Katz, published an article that claimed that the delayed space launch of the Israeli satellite was a result of strong Iranian pressure on the Indian government. [11]

新德里的卫星发射显示印度政府在协助以色列和英美中东联盟，针对伊朗及其盟友上几乎毫无保留。伊朗立即表示强烈反对，并正式谴责印度援助以色列军方威胁伊朗的国家安全。以色列卫星发射被推迟数次。耶路撒冷邮报及其记者--定居以色列的卡茨--发表文章声称以色列推迟太空发射卫星是伊朗向印度政府施加巨大的压力的结果。 [11]


Politicians in India opposed to Indo-Israeli military and space cooperation denounced the Indian government’s attempts to present the launch as merely “business as usual” by hiding the military implications and objectives behind an act with underlying hostile intentions against Iran. The Indian government officially argued to the Indian people that the satellite launch was just a commercial transaction between Tel Aviv and New Delhi, but the military implications of the deal reveal that India is no longer neutral in regards to Tehran. The fact that the Israeli spy satellite has been described by Tel Aviv as a means to confront Tehran and Damascus (officially described as “enemy states”) is an omission in itself that New Delhi is knowingly an accomplice to hostile acts against Iran and Syria.

反对印以军方和空间合作的印度政治家们谴责印度政府试图将近期卫星发射的军事含义和潜在的对伊朗含有敌意的目的，隐藏在“一切如常”的表面下。印度政府正式向跟人民辩解说，卫星发射只是特拉维夫和新德里之间的商业交易。但交易的军事影响显示，印度在德黑兰问题上已不再是中立。特拉维夫描述间谍卫星是对抗伊朗和叙利亚（正式称之为“敌国”）的一种手段，这一事实本身不言而喻，新德里有意地充当对抗伊朗和叙利亚的帮凶。


The satellite launch was shrouded in complete secrecy by the Indian government. The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) which had always announced all its space launches as a symbol of national pride kept silent for the Israeli satellite launch. Large numbers of different Indian groups and people across India condemned the secrecy behind the mission and cited it as a sign of guilty by the Indian government. People's Democracy, the official mouth piece of the Communist Party of India-Marxist (CP-M), complained that the citizens of India had to learn about the details of the launch from Israeli news sources. [12]  

印度政府把卫星发射计划完全保密。作为民族自豪感的象征，”印度空间研究组织”一贯通报其所有的空间计划，这次为以色列发射卫星却保持了沉默。很多不同的印度组织和人民谴责使命背后的秘密，并引述它为印度政府的罪咎。印度马克思主义共产党的喉舌"人民民主"抱怨说: 印度公民只得从以色列的消息来源来了解发射的细节。


The Israeli spy satellite was built by Israel Aerospace Industries, which has major business interests in regards to India. On February 18, 2008 Israel Aerospace Industries, and the Tata Group signed a corporate agreement with Israel Aerospace to cooperate and jointly develop military hardware and products through a memorandum of understanding. [13] Like a tell-tale sign this agreement was announced less than a month after the launch of the Israeli spy satellite built by Israel Aerospace Industries. The Tata Group and its companies also have corporate agreements with Boeing, Sikorsky Aircraft, and the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS), which are all competing against Russian arms manufacturers.

以色列间谍卫星由"以色列航空航天工业"建造，"以色列航空航天工业"在印度具有重要的商业利益。2008年2月18日"以色列航空航天工业"和塔塔集团签署了一项协议，合作和共同发展军事装备和产品。 [13]如同一个信号，在卫星发射后不到一个月，"以色列航空工业公司"便宣布了这项协议。塔塔集团及其下属公司还与波音，西科斯基飞机公司，欧洲航空防务和航天公司（EADS）签有协议，这些都是俄罗斯军火制造商的竞争对手。


Indian cooperation with Israel extends all the way into the realm of nuclear politics and policy. On September 17, 2008 at the headquarters of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna a vote was almost unanimously cast for a IAEA resolution urging all Middle Eastern states to abandon making nuclear bombs. In a case of irony, the only state that voted against the IAEA resolution was Israel, which accuses Iran and Syria of pursuing nuclear weapons. Tel Aviv voted against the IAEA resolution, while Tehran and Damascus voted for it and the U.S., Canada, Georgia, and India all in support of Israel abstained.  

印度与以色列的合作一直延续到核武器政治政策领域。2008年 9月17日，在总部设在维也纳的"国际原子能机构"，要求所有中东国家放弃制造核炸弹的决议几乎获得全体一致地表决通过。具有讽刺意味的是，唯一投了反对票的国家是以色列。以色列一直指责伊朗和叙利亚寻求核武器。对原子能机构提出的这项决议，特拉维夫投了反对票，伊朗和叙利亚投赞成票，而美国，加拿大，格鲁吉亚和印度为了支持以色列而投了弃权票。


9.

New Delhi Deepens ties with the U.S., NATO, and Israel

新德里加深与美国，北约和以色列的关系


In military terms, there is a real strategic “American-Indian-Israeli Axis.” New Delhi’s strategic ties with the U.S., NATO, and Israel have been deepening. The strategic axis formed by the U.S., India, and Israel has also been denounced by various political parties and figures across the political landscape of India.

在军用术语上有一个真正的战略上的“美印以轴心”。新德里与美国，北约和以色列的战略关系不断加深。由美国，印度和以色列形成的战略轴心也受到印度政界不同政党和政治人物的谴责。


Firstly, the geo-strategic rationale for an alliance between the U.S. and India is the encirclement or containment of the People’s Republic of China. The other rationale or intentions of such cooperation are the neutralization of Russia as a player in Central Asia and the securing of energy resources for both the U.S. and India. In this project, the U.S. sees India as a natural counter-weight to China. The U.S. also has used India in its objective of trying to isolate Iran.  

首先，美国和印度结盟，地缘政治学的逻辑依据是包围或遏制中华人民共和国。另外的理由和合作的意图则是压制俄罗斯作为中亚的一角，和确保美国和印度的能源资源。在这个项目中，美国认为印度是用来反对中国的，天然的的平衡力。美国还利用印度来孤立伊朗。


In regards to Tel Aviv, Israel sees India as part of a broader periphery. This broader or so-called “new periphery” was imagined and utilized as a basis of geo-strategy by Tel Aviv after 1979 when the “old periphery” that included Iran, which was one of Israel’s closest allies, buckled and collapsed with the 1979 Iranian Revolution. [14] In this context, Israel’s “new periphery” has been conceptualized against both the Arab World and Iran (or compounded as the Arabo-Iranian World). This is why the Israeli relationships with India, Georgia, the Republic of Azerbaijan, and Turkey are important, and in some cases full fledged alliances. [15]

至于特拉维夫，以色列认为印度是更广泛的外围。这一更广泛的或所谓“新边缘”，是1979年以后特拉维夫设想和使用的一个地理战略的基础。“旧边缘”包括曾经是以色列最亲密的盟友之一，1979年被伊朗伊斯兰革命推翻了的伊朗。 [14]在这方面，以色列的“新边缘”被概念化，以对抗阿拉伯世界和伊朗（或混合起来，阿拉伯伊朗世界）。这就是为什么以色列跟印度，格鲁吉亚，阿塞拜疆共和国和土耳其的关系非常重要，在某些情况下它们是完全成熟的联盟。 [15]


Likewise NATO and India also have shared interests in Afghanistan and Central Asia, which India sees as part of its own periphery or “near abroad.” These shared interests and the mutual animosity to Chinese energy interests in Central Asia has brought India and NATO, led by the U.S., into the same camp. NATO also sees India as a military partner in its strategy to become a global military alliance. In addition, dealing with Pakistan is also another shared commonality between NATO and India.

同样，北约和印度也共享阿富汗和中亚地区的利益，印度认为阿富汗和中亚地区是它自身的外围或“近邻”。这些共同的利益，和共同的憎恨中国在中亚地区的能源利益的敌意，以美国为首，把印度和北约带到同一个阵营里。在成立一个全球性的军事同盟的战略上，北约也视印度为其军事伙伴。此外，在如何对付巴基斯坦的问题上，北约与印度也具有共性。

rlsrls08

明天一早出发出去度假，29号才回来，麻烦其他人帮忙纠错了。

j小蜜蜂

明天一早出发出去度假，29号才回来，麻烦其他人帮忙纠错了。
rlsrls08 发表于 2009-12-23 11:34

玩得开心哦~~

magicboy

明天一早出发出去度假，29号才回来，麻烦其他人帮忙纠错了。
rlsrls08 发表于 2009-12-23 11:34

   假期愉快

vivicat

明天一早出发出去度假，29号才回来，麻烦其他人帮忙纠错了。
rlsrls08 发表于 2009-12-23 11:34

99姐好好休息～

vivicat

我领10、11、12.争取这星期做完。
MiaT 发表于 2009-11-17 09:44

MiaT学业原因，忙就一个字。。。

认领的3段现在由antifake2接手10，11段，vivicat接手12段

antifake2

10.

The Project for “Greater South Asia” and Indian Ambitions in its “Near Abroad”

“大南亚”计划和印度对“周边”的野心

As Hindu means everything beyond the Indus and Hindustan the “land beyond the Indus” in ancient Iranian, the word “Industan” can be used to talk about the land and basin around the Indus River. Hereon, this term will be used to refer to the geographic area adjacent the Indus to India’s western flank. [16] This area includes Pakistan and can be extended to include Afghanistan and the former Soviet republics of Central Asia. Although Industan may not be exactly an accurate definition for the area beyond Pakistan, Industan still fits well, especially in light of Indian geo-political thinking. That is why the term will be used.

在古伊朗时代，Hindu一词的意思指印度河周边的所有事物，Hindustan是印度河周边的所有土地。Industan这个词可以用来形容这片土地及印度河周边的盆地。在此，这个词指印度西侧毗邻印度河的地理区域。这个区域包括巴基斯坦，甚至可以延伸到阿富汗和前苏联中亚共和国。虽然Industan未必完全是巴基斯坦等周边地区的准确定义，Industan仍然非常符合印度的地缘政治需要。这就是为什么这一词汇将被使用的原因。

Industan, is part of India’s “near abroad” or periphery, and in a sense even a part of an expanded periphery that emerged with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It is with this in mind that India established its first military base, at Ayni, on foreign soil in Tajikistan. [17] The converging interests of the U.S. and India are clear in the U.S. State Department’s re-definition of Central Asia as a part of “Greater South Asia.” Greater South Asia is the conceptualization of Central Asia as a region within South Asia, which is synonymous with the Indian sub-continent. The concept of Greater South Asia is part of the project to bring the former Soviet republics of Central Asia into the orbits of the U.S. through cooperation with India, as a regional gendarme.  

Industan，是印度的“近邻”或外围的一部分，在一定意义来说，是扩大后的外围的一部分，这是随着前苏联解体后才开始显现。要注意到的是，印度已经建立了一个国外军事基地，位于塔吉克斯坦的Ayni。在美国国务院把中亚重定义为“大南亚”一部分之后，印度和美国利益汇合点是很清晰的。大南亚是把中亚概念化为南亚的一个区域，等同于印度的次大陆概念。大南亚计划是通过让前苏联的中亚共和国家与印度合作，把这些国家招入美国靡下，成为区域宪兵的计划的一部分。


Turning to Pakistan, India has a shared interests with the U.S. and NATO in the subjection of Pakistan. Pakistan would cease to be a client state of the U.S. or a manageable state, because of a likely revolution that would occur in the scenario of a broader war in the Middle East against Iran or a far larger Eurasian war involving China and Russia. Nuclear weapons in the hands of such a revolutionary government in Islamabad would be a threat to Indian national security, NATO operations in Afghanistan, and Israel. It is in the shared interests of the U.S., NATO, Israel, and India to neutralize such a strategic and tactical threat from emerging in Pakistan. This is why NATO has underpinned the objective of balkanizing Pakistan and why the U.S. has talked about taking over Pakistani nuclear facilities via the U.S. military. The subjection of Pakistan is also territorially and militarily to the advantage of New Delhi, because it would eliminate a rival and allow India to gain territory that in the view of many Indians was lost with the partition of India in 1947.

至于巴基斯坦，印度和美国及北约有制服巴基斯坦上面存在共同利益。巴基斯坦不再属于美国阵营，也不是美国操纵的附庸国。因为在中东地区针对伊朗的大面积战争或更大的、可能把俄罗斯和中国牵扯进来的欧亚战争背景下，极有可能发生重大变革，这样，一个拥有核武的伊斯兰堡改革派政府，会对印度国家安全及北约在阿富汗和以色列的运作造成威胁。所以，消除巴基斯坦这种新兴的战略和战术上的双重威胁，符合北约、以色列和印度的共同利益。这也是为什么北约支持把巴基斯坦分而治之，美国说要让美军接管巴基斯坦核设施的原因。制服巴基斯坦在领土和军事上面都对新德里有利，因为它不但除去一个敌人，而且允许印度重获在许多印度人眼中的、在1947年被分裂出去的印度领土——巴基斯坦。

antifake2

11.

The Naval build-up in the Indian Ocean and the Geo-Politics of the Sri Lankan Civil War

海军在印度洋集结及斯里兰卡内战的地缘政治

To the southern borders of Eurasia is the Indian Ocean. The Indian Ocean is the scene of major international rivalries and competition(s). Sri Lanka is also a front in these rivalries. It is in this context that India is part of a major naval build-up running from the coastline of East Africa and the Arabian Sea to the waves of Oceania. Aside from the fleets of the U.S. and its NATO allies that have large presences in the Indian Ocean, the naval fleets of Iran, India, China, Japan, and Australia are also all being expanded in league with this trend of militarization. Also, India and China are working to release large nuclear submarine fleets into the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The naval encirclement of Eurasia and the naval expansion of China are also reasons why U.S. Navy ships have been repeatedly caught violating Chinese waters and illegally surveying Chinese territory.

欧亚大陆的最南端是印度洋。印度洋是主要国际敌对与竞争的争夺点。斯里兰卡也在这个敌对的风头浪尖。在这个背景下，印度是从东非海岸线和阿拉伯海到大洋洲范围内主要海军建设的一部分。除了美军舰队和北约盟国在印度洋的强势参与之外，伊朗、印度、中国、日本和澳大利亚的海军舰队也联合起来，一直在扩展这个军事化浪潮。除此之外，印度和中国还在印度洋和太平洋部署大规模核潜艇舰队。环绕欧亚大陆的海军和中国的海军扩张也是美国海军舰队一而再，再而三地被发现侵犯中国领海和非法侦查中国领土的原因。


The water around the Arabian Peninsula all the way around from the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman, and the Gulf of Aden to the Red Sea (Arabian Gulf) carries large fleets of ships either belonging to the U.S., NATO, or their allies. At any point the U.S. and its allies can stop international shipping in these waters. The problem of piracy in these waters is very closely linked to their militarization and is a justification for militarization. This is one of the reasons that the Gulf of Aden and the waters off the Horn of Africa, where Somalia is located, have seen the deployment of the naval forces of Russia, China, and Iran as a strategically symmetric move. [19]

在阿拉伯海域，所有从波斯湾、阿曼湾和亚丁湾到红海（阿拉伯湾）的路，有大量的舰队，这些舰队要么是亲美国和北约的，要么就是他们自己的舰队，任何时候，这些舰队都可以停止这片海域的国际船运，这片海域的海盗问题跟他们的军事行为是联系在一起的，也给这些军事行为提供了正当理由。这也是为什么在索里海盗出没在亚丁湾及非洲之角水域（译注：此得off不知何意），并且看到俄罗斯、中国、伊朗海军在此布署的原因之一，这是一个战略均衡的布署。

It should be noted that relations between Sri Lanka and India started to unravel in 2009. The Sri Lankan government has accused the Indian government of supporting the Tamil Tigers drive to create a Tamil state by dividing Sri Lanka. Much of this has to do with the geo-strategic struggle between the Periphery and Eurasia in the Indian Ocean.

需要注意的是，斯里兰卡和印度的关系在2009年开始分化，斯里兰卡政府指责印度政府支持猛虎组织，促成泰米尔国建立以分化斯里兰卡。在印度洋上，外围和欧亚大际之间，还会有很多这种地缘战略的斗争。

In this regard, India is not only working against Chinese interests in the Indian Ocean, but it is also actively cooperating with the U.S. and its allies. In the scenario of a conflict between Eurasia and the Periphery or between China and India the maritime route that passes by Sri Lanka would be vital to the Chinese military and Chinese energy security. For this reason Sri Lanka has joined the SCO as a “dialogue partner” under the protective umbrella of Russia, China, and their allies. Not only has Sri Lanka joined the SCO, but it also hosts a Chinese port in a pivotal point in the Indian Ocean and near the borders of India that has put Colombo at odds with New Delhi.

在这方面，印度在印度洋上不但反对中国的利益，而且还积极地与美国和它的盟友合作。在欧洲大陆和外围的矛盾，或者说中国与印度矛盾前提下，经过斯里兰卡的海上要道对中国的军事及能源安全就至关重要。因此，斯里兰卡加入了上合组织，成为一个在俄罗斯、中国及所有同盟国保护伞之下的“对话伙伴”。斯里兰卡不只是加了上合组织，还提供中国一个港口，此港口位于印度洋的关键位置，紧邻印度边界。此举使得科伦坡与新德里反目。

MiaT

考试的原因，上回认领的部分没能交上来，孜心的三段我先接过来做吧……

rhapsody

考试的原因，上回认领的部分没能交上来，孜心的三段我先接过来做吧…… ...
MiaT 发表于 2010-2-15 01:32

好久不见。。。 楼上是被某猫给拉回来的么。。。

MiaT

回复 30# rhapsody


   是滴……

MiaT

过节期间人心狂野，今天才赶出了第一段

第二段明天交上。

1

Since 1947, India has not fully pledged itself to any camp or global pole during the Cold War and as a result was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement (N.A.M.). Since the post-Cold War era that position has eroded. New Delhi has been gradually moving away from its traditional position, relationships, and policies in the international arena for over a decade.

从1947年开始的冷战期间，印度既没有正式加入任何国际阵营，也不属于两极格局中的任何一极，是不结盟运动的发起国之一。冷战结束后，印度的国际定位发生了变化。之后的十多年里，新德里逐渐改变了传统的国家立场、对外关系与外交政策。

India has been vied for as an ally in the “Great Game” that is underway, once again. This round of the “Great Game” is, however, being played under a far broader spectrum than the one played between Britain and Czarist Russia. In question is the Indian power relationship with two geo-political entities: the first is the “Periphery” and the second is “Eurasia.”

印度再次成为了当时“大博弈”中各方争取的对象。然而，此轮“大博弈”比上轮英国与沙俄间的“大博弈”的范围要大得多。印度与两大地缘政治实体的关系成为了人们关注的重点：一是与周边国家的关系，二是与欧亚大陆的关系。

The Periphery and Eurasia: Vying for India on a Geo-Strategic Chessboard

周边国家与欧亚大陆：在地缘战略的棋盘上争夺印度

Physical geography alone does not form or carve or determine geographic entities. The activity of people also is of critical importance to this process. Geographic units, from blocs and countries to regions, must be understood as a product of people interacting in socio-economic and political terms. The geographic entities that are subject herein are social constructions. In this conceptual context, Eurasia itself can be defined as a geo-political player and entity.

单纯的地理条件本身并不是地缘实体的决定因素。人们的行为对地缘实体的形成也起着至关重要的作用。我们必须要了解，小到区域性集团，大到国家，甚至更大的国际区域，地缘单位都是人们在社会经济领域和政治领域中相互作用的产物。在这个概念下，亚欧大陆可以被视为地缘政治的参与者和实体。

In a physical sense, Eurasia as a geographic landmass and spatial entity is neutral, just as are other geographic regions or units, and carries no meaning or value(s). Eurasia in socio-political terms as an active player, however, is altogether different. Herein, it is this active and politically organized Eurasia that is a product of the anti-hegemonic cooperation of Russia, China, and Iran against the status quo global order of the Periphery that is the Eurasia being addressed.

从自然的角度来看，欧亚大陆是一个地理板块和空间实体，与其他地理区域或地理单位无异，并不存在什么特殊含义和价值。但从社会政治角度来说，欧亚大陆作为一个能动的参与者，是极具个性的。这里提到的欧亚大陆既有活跃性又有政治组织性，是俄国、中国、伊朗为改变全球秩序现状而进行的反霸权主义合作的产物。

The Periphery is a collective term for those nations who are either geographically located on the margins of the Eurasian landmass or altogether geographically outside of the Eurasian landmass. This grouping or categorization of geo-political players when described are namely the U.S., the E.U., and Japan. In almost organic terms these players at the broader level strive to penetrate and consume Eurasia. This objective is so because of the socio-economic organization and political mechanisms (all of which serve elitist interests) of the Periphery. Aside from the U.S., the E.U., and Japan, the Periphery includes Australia, Canada, South Korea, Singapore, and Israel.

周边国家是一个集合性名词，用来指在地理上位于欧亚大陆边缘以及欧亚大陆以外地区的国家。这一地缘政治参与者的集合包括美国、欧盟和日本。从根本上说，周边国家的目的是对欧亚大陆进行渗透和消耗。这一目的是由周边国家的社会经济组织形式与政治体制（即为精英利益服务）决定的。除美国、欧盟、日本外，周边国家还包括澳大利亚、加拿大、韩国、新加坡和以色列。

It is in this tugging match that India is centred. It is also in this geo-strategic bout that India has adopted a pragmatic policy of open opportunism. Yet, New Delhi has also been steadily moving towards a stance favouring the Periphery against Eurasia.

在周边国家与欧亚大陆的拉锯战中，印度是双方争夺的中心。在这场地缘战略的较量中，印度采取了一种开放的机会主义实用政策。新德里选择向周边国家逐步亲近，并疏远欧亚大陆。

India’s historically warm relationship with Iran has been tainted because of negotiations with the U.S. and E.U. and New Delhi’s relationship with China appears cordial on the surface, but it is fragile and double-edged. Although Russia and India maintain cooperation in regards to the purchase of Russian military hardware by India, this relationship too is in question regardless of continued Russian weapons supplies.

由于与美国和欧盟进行谈判，印度与伊朗的传统友谊出现了降温。新德里与中国的关系表面上和睦，实际却相当脆弱，而且可能造成对双方均不利的结果。虽然印度在购买军事装备上与俄罗斯保持着合作，但这种合作关系仍存在问题。

State policy, in turn influenced or controlled by local elites, is also pivotal to the formation of the larger geographic entities being addressed. The ruling circles and elites of India are pragmatic opportunists and their is no question in this. This characteristic, however, is a trademark of almost all elitist circles and is not unique to Indian elites alone. The position of the Indian elites, however, is noteworthy because they can flex their muscles and they can play both sides.

国家政策也受本国精英的影响和控制，并对地缘实体的形成同样起着关键作用。印度的统治界和精英阶层是实用的机会主义者，这点毫无疑问。但这不是印度精英独有的特点，而是几乎所有国家的精英阶层所共有的。印度精英值得一提的地方在于，他们善于运作自身的实力，而且会使用两面手法。

vivicat

好久不见。。。 楼上是被某猫给拉回来的么。。。
rhapsody 发表于 2010-2-15 14:44

你什么意思。。。。

过节期间人心狂野，今天才赶出了第一段
第二段明天交上。
1
Since 1947, India has not fully pledge ...
MiaT 发表于 2010-2-20 18:52

    狂野。。。。

rhapsody

你什么意思。。。。

    狂野。。。。
vivicat 发表于 2010-2-20 19:04

木有什么意思。。。 随便问问。。。而且还猜对了：

回复  rhapsody
   是滴……
MiaT 发表于 2010-2-20 10:57

MiaT

第二段完毕了。第三段争取明天交上来。

2.

New Delhi Caught between Alliances?

新德里两面为难？

As stated, New Delhi has been walking a pragmatic path between the emerging Eurasian pole and between the more established Peripheral pole. The Eurasian pole was originally formed out of a reluctant necessity for survival against the thrust of the Periphery by Moscow. As the Russian-initiated Eurasian-based alliance gains global momentum it is also working to cultivate an end to Eurasian rivalries.

如前所述，在新生的欧亚大陆与更为发达的周边国家这两极之间，新德里选择了一条实用主义路线。欧亚大陆一极的形成由莫斯科发起，最初是为了获得必要的生存空间而对周边国家的攻势进行自卫性抵制。随着以俄罗斯为首的欧亚大陆阵营在全球范围内越来越强大，该阵营开始酝酿消灭作为对手的周边国家。

Since 2003, the lines of cooperation with the U.S., Britain, Germany, and France have been shifting and continuously restudied by Moscow, Beijing, Tehran, and their other allies, such as Kazakhstan, Belarus, and Tajikistan. The U.S., Britain, Germany, France and their shared proxies, NATO and the European Union, have been trying to obstruct the solidification of a united Eurasian entity. This is where India is key.

从2003年起，美国、英国、德国和法国间的合作关系一再变化，这种变化受到了莫斯科、北京、德黑兰及其盟友哈萨克斯坦、白俄罗斯和塔吉克斯坦的密切关注与研究。美国、英国、德国、法国及其共同的代理人北约和欧盟试图破坏欧亚大陆的团结局面。印度就是它们用来达到目标的关键。

A factor that has obstructed Eurasian cooperation, with the inclusion of India, is the mutual suspicions of the Eurasians and, in general terms, their underlying resource rivalries. Due to these factors, the Eurasians appeared to be working together and alternatively to be keeping the lines of cooperation open with both the Periphery.  A case in standing of this schizophrenic policy is what was once called the “Paris-Berlin-Moscow Axis” that clasped Russia on one side and France and Germany on the other. This Paris-Berlin-Moscow Axis flexed its muscles in international relations and at the U.N. during the Anglo-American march to war against Iraq in 2003.

包括印度在内的欧亚大陆国家间的合作存在一个障碍因素，即相互猜疑以及潜在的资源竞争。由于存在这样的因素，欧亚大陆国家间貌似协同合作，有时却也欢迎与周边国家合作。这种精神分裂症般的政策的一个典型的例子是促进俄罗斯与法德合作的“巴黎-柏林-莫斯科轴心”。2003年，当英美要向伊拉克发动战争时，巴黎-柏林-莫斯科轴心就曾在外交事务和联合国会议上一展身手。

MiaT

第三段完成。

3.

India and the Encirclement of China

印度和对中国的包围

New Delhi is not a constituent of the Periphery. Nor does India fully trust the nations of the Periphery. India does,, however, appear to favour the Periphery. This can be attributed to the demographic nature of global resource competitions and long-standing Sino-Indian cleavages and tensions. The tensions and cleavages between China and India have also been capitalized on by the Periphery just as the Sino-Soviet split was by Henry Kissinger during the Cold War to keep China and the Soviet Union divided.

印度不是周边国家的成员。新德里对它们存有疑虑。但印度对周边国家似乎比对欧亚大陆更为亲近。这既与争夺全球资源的需要有关，也与中印间长期的分歧和紧张局势有关。周边国家一再地加剧中印间的矛盾，这与冷战时期亨利·基辛格离间中苏关系异曲同工。

Due to tensions with China, the Indian ruling establishment still holds onto a vision about a showdown with the Chinese. Both states are demographic dinosaurs and are competing between themselves and with the status quo Peripheral powers for resources. Despite the fact that it is the nations of the Periphery that are disproportionately exploiting a far larger share of global resources, in the eyes of many in New Delhi the perception is that it is far easier to reduce the effect of global resource competitions by working to eliminate China rather than competing with the Periphery. It is these two reasons that are the basis for the formation of Indian animosity to Beijing.

由于与中国关系紧张，印度统治层仍然有着与中国最终决一胜负的想法。两国都是人口大国，为获取资源，他们既要相互竞争，也要与强大的周边国家竞争。虽然人口数量很小的周边国家攫取了全球绝大多数的资源，但在新德里看来，要想降低全球资源竞争的不良后果，与其和周边国家竞争，不如和它们联合起来消灭中国更容易一些。

An encircling military ring that involves India has been created around China. New Delhi has been involved in the framework of military cooperation with the Periphery aimed at China. Under this framework, India has joined Japan, the U.S., and Australia in forming a de facto “Quadrilateral Coalition” to neutralize China through the establishment of a ring of containment that could see a naval blockade form in the event of a war around the borders of China. [1]

周边国家围绕中国建立了军事包围圈，印度是该包围圈组成部分之一。在周边国家针对中国构建的军事合作框架中，新德里有所参与。在这一框架下，印度与日本、美国、澳大利亚结成了事实上的“四边联盟”以压制中国，一旦中国边境发生战争，它们建立的遏制圈就能在海上起到封锁作用。

In a war between China and an outside power, cutting off Chinese energy supplies would be central to defeating Beijing. Without any fuel the military hardware of the People’s Liberation Army would be rendered useless. It is from this standpoint that India is building its naval strength and cooperating militarily in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific with the Periphery. It is also with Chinese energy supplies, Indian naval expansion, and the encirclement of China in mind that the Indian military has prepared to introduce, by 2014, what it calls “Indigenous Aircraft Carriers” (IACs), each with two takeoff runways and one landing strip for up to 30 military aircraft. [2]

在中国对其他国家的战争中，切断中方的能源供给是击败北京的关键。一旦失去燃料，人民解放军的军事装备就会派不上任何用场。出于这种考虑，印度正在加强海军实力，并与周边国家在印度洋和太平洋进行军事合作。印度依靠中国供应的能源来扩充海军，对中国进行包围。印度计划在2014年建成“国产航空母舰”，每艘航母装备有两条起飞跑道和一道降落带，最多可容纳30架军事飞机。

China, as well as Iran, also has a direct border with NATO-garrisoned Afghanistan, which can be used as a military hub against the more vulnerable western flank of China. In this regard, the massive American-led NATO military build-up in Afghanistan is monitored with the utmost suspicion by Beijing and Tehran. In many senses, the Periphery is moving or pushing inwards towards the heart of Eurasia. The encirclement of China also parallels the rings of military alliances and bases created around Russia and around Iran. China also faces the threat of a missile shield project in East Asia just as the European core of Russia faces one in Eastern Europe and Iran faces one via such countries as the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Israel, and Turkey in the Middle East.

中国和伊朗一样，与有北约部队驻扎的阿富汗直接接壤。阿富汗可被用作军事中心，对中国实力较弱的西部边陲构成威胁。因此，北京和德黑兰对以美国为首的北约部队在阿富汗的大规模屯兵极度提防并严密关注。可以说，周边国家正在向欧亚大陆的心脏推进和渗透。周边国家对中国的包围与其对俄罗斯和伊朗的包围是基本类似的。中国在东亚面临着导弹防御系统的威胁，俄罗斯在东欧面临着相似的威胁，伊朗也受到来自波斯湾的阿拉伯国家、以色列和土耳其的导弹防御系统的威胁。