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【中文标题】中国渴望将高铁技术带到美国
【原文标题】China Is Eager to Bring High-Speed Rail Expertise to the U.S.
【登载媒体】纽约时报
【来源地址】http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/08/business/global/08rail.html?pagewanted=1&ref=global
【译者】tony1984
【翻译方式】人工
【声明】本翻译供Anti-CNN使用，未经AC或译者许可，不得转载
【译文】
BEIJING — Nearly 150 years after American railroads brought in thousands of Chinese laborers to build rail lines across the West, China is poised once again to play a role in American rail construction. But this time, it would be an entirely different role: supplying the technology, equipment and engineers to build high-speed rail lines.
北京-自美国铁路带着成千上万中国劳工建设横跨西部的铁路将近150年后，中国有望再次在美国铁路建设中扮演重要角色，但是这一次，将是完全不同的角色：提供技术，设备和建设高铁的工程师。
The Chinese government has signed cooperation agreements with the State of California and General Electric to help build such lines. The agreements, both of which are preliminary, show China’s desire to become a big exporter and licensor of bullet trains traveling 215 miles an hour, an environmentally friendly technology in which China has raced past the United States in the last few years.
中国政府已与加州和通用电器签订合作协议，以帮助建设这条线路。这项协议，双方都是初步的，表明中国想成为出口大国的愿望，以及成为这种非产环保的215m/h子弹头列车的技术许可人，这种技术中国在过去几年间已经远远的将美国甩在了后头。
“We are the most advanced in many fields, and we are willing to share with the United States,” Zheng Jian, the chief planner and director of high-speed rail at China’s railway ministry, said.
“我们在很多领域都是最先进的，现在我们想与美国分享。”郑建（音译），中国铁道部高铁首席规划师和总指挥说道。
Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger of California has closely followed progress in the discussions with China and hopes to come here later this year for talks with rail ministry officials, said David Crane, the governor’s special adviser for jobs and economic growth, and a board member of the California High Speed Rail Authority.
加州州长阿诺德施瓦辛格已在密切关注与中国的讨论进展，希望年底到这来跟铁道部官员谈谈。大卫克雷，这位州长的就业和经济增长的特别顾问以及加州高铁管理局董事会成员透露道。
China is offering not just to build a railroad in California but also to help finance its construction, and Chinese officials have already been shuttling between Beijing and Sacramento to make presentations, Mr. Crane said in a telephone interview.
China is not the only country interested in selling high-speed rail equipment to the United States. Japan, Germany, South Korea, Spain, France and Italy have also approached California’s High Speed Rail Authority.
中国在加州提供的不仅仅是建设一条铁路，而且将提供建设资金。中国的官员已经穿梭于北京和萨克拉门托之间做各种专题介绍，克雷先生在电话采访中说道。中国不是唯一一个对向美国出售高铁设备感兴趣的国家，日本，德国，韩国，西班牙，法国和意大利也跟加州高铁管理局碰过面。
The agency has made no decisions on whose technology to choose. But Mr. Crane said that there were no apparent weaknesses in the Chinese offer, and that Governor Schwarzenegger particularly wanted to visit China this year for high-speed rail discussions. Even if an agreement is reached for China to build and help bankroll a high-speed rail system in California, considerable obstacles would remain.China’s rail ministry would face independent labor unions and democratically elected politicians, neither of which it has to deal with at home. The United States also has labor and immigration laws stricter than those in China.
In a nearly two-hour interview at the rail ministry’s monolithic headquarters here, Mr. Zheng said repeatedly that any Chinese bid would comply with all American laws and regulations.
该机构（加州高铁管理局）还没有做出决定选着哪家技术，不过克雷先生说中国的offer没有明显的弱点，而且州长阿诺德施瓦辛格非常想在今年就高铁谈判一事访问中国。即使与中国达成协议在加州建设高铁以及资金支持，障碍还是相当大。中国铁道部将面临独立工会和民选政治家，二者都不会像在中国一样好处理。而且美国还有比中国更为严格的劳工和移民法。在铁道部总部将近两个小时的采访中，郑先生多次表示，任何中国的投标将遵守美国的法律和法规。
China’s rail ministry has an international reputation for speed and low costs, and is opening 1,200 miles of high-speed rail routes this year alone. China is moving rapidly to connect almost all of its own provincial capitals with bullet trains.
中国铁道部有着高速和低价的国际声誉，单单今年就开通了1200英里高速铁路里程。中国将迅速的把几乎全部省会城市用高铁连接。
But while the ministry has brought costs down through enormous economies of scale, “buy American” pressures could make it hard for China to export the necessary equipment to the United States. The railways ministry has concluded a framework agreement to license its technology to G.E., which is a world leader in diesel locomotives but has little experience with the electric locomotives needed for high speeds. According to G.E., the agreement calls for at least 80 percent of the components of any locomotives and system control gear to come from American suppliers, and labor-intensive final assembly would be done in the United States for the American market. China would license its technology and supply engineers as well as up to 20 percent of the components.
但是尽管该部通过规模经济效益来降低成本时，“买美国货”的压力可能让中国向美国出口必要设备感到困难。铁道部已经签订了框架协议，授权技术给通用电汽这家虽然是内燃机的世界领头羊，却在高速电力机车缺乏经验的公司对于通用电汽，为美国市场这项协议要求80%的机车和控制系统相关零部件都必须来自美国的供应商，而且劳动密集型的最终组装也将放在美国。中国将授权技术和提供工程师以及20%的零部件。
State-owned Chinese equipment manufacturers initially licensed many of their designs over the last decade from Japan, Germany and France. While Chinese companies have gone on to make many changes and innovations, Japanese executives in particular have grumbled that Chinese technology resembles theirs, raising the possibility of legal challenges if any patents have been violated.
中国很多设备制造商的很多设计在过去十年都是由日本，德国和法国授权的，尽管中国的公司做了很多的创新和改变，但是尤其是日本的高管们抱怨中国的技术抄袭他们。如果发现任何专利受到侵犯，他们诉诸于法律的可能性将会提高。
All of the technology would be Chinese, Mr. Zheng said.China has already begun building high-speed rail routes in Turkey, Venezuela and Saudi Arabia. It is looking for opportunities in seven other countries, notably a route sought by the Brazilian。government between São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Mr. Zheng said. International rail experts say that China has mastered the art of building high-speed rail lines quickly and inexpensively.
不过郑先生说，所有的技术都是中国的。中国已经开始在土耳其，委内瑞拉和沙特阿拉伯建设高速铁路了。并且正在其他7个国家寻找机会，尤其巴西政府所期望的从圣保罗到里约热内卢之间的一条线路。郑先生说，国际铁路专家说中国已经掌握了建设高铁线路既快又便宜的艺术。
“These guys are engineering driven — they know how to build fast, build cheaply and do a good job,” said John Scales, the lead transport specialist in the Beijing office of the World Bank.
The California rail authority plans to spend $43 billion to build a 465-mile route from San Francisco to Los Angeles and on to Anaheim that is supposed to open in 2020. The authority was awarded $2.25 billion in January in federal economic stimulus money to work on the project.
“这些家伙就像工程驱动器，他们知道怎样才能建设的又快，又便宜而且又好。”约翰。斯盖尔，世界银行北京代表处首席交通专家说道。
加州铁路管理局计划投资430亿美元修建从旧金山到洛杉矶再到阿纳海姆的总长465英里，在2020年开通的路线。在此工程上该管理局在一月份已经获得联邦经济刺激基金22.5亿美金。
The authority’s plans call for $10 billion to $12 billion in private financing. Mr. Crane said China could provide much of that, with federal, state and local jurisdictions providing the rest. Mr. Zheng declined to discuss financial details.
China’s mostly state-controlled banks had few losses during the global financial crisis and are awash with cash now because of tight regulation and a fast-growing economy. The Chinese government is also becoming disenchanted with bonds and looking to diversify its $2.4 trillion in foreign reserves by investing in areas like natural resources and overseas rail projects.
“They’ve got a lot of capital, and they’re willing to provide a lot of capital” for a California high-speed rail system, Mr. Crane said.
Later plans call for the California line to be extended to Sacramento and San Diego, while a private consortium hopes to build a separate route from Los Angeles to Las Vegas.
该管理局的计划要求其中100亿到120亿美元出自私人融资。克雷先生说中国可以提供，其他的则有联邦政府，州政府和当地司法部门提供。不过郑先生拒绝透露更多财务上的细节。中国大多是国家控制的银行，在全球经济危机中损失不多，并且由于严格的监管和快速增长的经济而现金充裕。中国政府现在对债权也不抱幻想而开始用2.4万亿美金寻求更多元化的投资，比如像自然资源和铁路项目的投资。
“他们已经得到了很多资金，而且他们也愿意在加州高铁上提供足够的资金”克雷先生说道。后来的计划要求加州的线路要延伸到萨克拉门托和圣地亚哥，因为一个私人财团希望建一条从洛杉矶到拉斯维加斯的线路。
Toyota is shutting a big assembly plant in Fremont, Calif., that it once operated as a joint venture with General Motors, and one idea under discussion is converting the factory to the assembly of high-speed rail equipment, said Mr. Crane, who is also a member of the state’s Economic Development Commission.
Rail parts from China would then come through the nearby port of Oakland, in place of auto parts from Japan.
“High-speed rail requires a lot of high technology — we would send many high-end engineers and high-end technicians” to California, Mr. Zheng said.
丰田公司正在关闭在弗里蒙特，加州曾经作为与通用汽车公司合资经营的大型组装厂，克雷说，现在正在讨论的一个想法是将其变成一个组装高速铁路设备的工厂。他也是州政府经济发展委员会的成员。从中国运来的铁路部件将通过附近奥克兰的港口，这里也是日本运输汽车部件的地方。
“高铁需要很多的高科技，我们将派出很多的高端工程师到加州去”郑先生说。
G.E. estimates that the United States will spend $13 billion in the next five years on high-speed rail routes. China, with a much more ambitious infrastructure program, will spend $300 billion in the next three years on overall expansion of its rail routes, mainly high-speed routes, according to G.E.
通用电汽估计，未来5年美国将会在高铁线路上投资130亿美元。而中国又一个更加雄心勃勃的基建计划，他们在未来3年会投资3000亿美元在其铁路的全面扩张，主要是高铁线路。
China’s long-term vision calls for high-speed rail routes linking Shanghai to Singapore and New Delhi by way of Myanmar, and someday connecting Beijing and Shanghai to Moscow to the northwest and through Tehran to Prague and Berlin, according to a map that Mr. Zheng keeps on a bookshelf behind his desk. He cautioned that there were no plans to start construction yet outside China.
A high-speed rail link for passengers from Beijing to Shanghai will be finished by the end of 2011 or early 2012, and cut the journey to four hours, from 10 hours now, Mr. Zheng said.
New York to Atlanta or Chicago is a similar distance, and takes 18 to 19 hours on Amtrak, which must share tracks with 12,000-ton freight trains and many commuter trains.
For the American market, Mr. Zheng said, “we can provide whatever services are needed.”
中国的长远目标是让高铁连接上海到新加坡和新德里，并借道缅甸。然后有一天将北京和上连通莫斯科以及西北地区通过德黑兰到布拉格然后到柏林，这是通过郑先生办公桌后面书架上地图看到的。他告诫说现在还没有计划在中国以外的地方建设。一条从北京到上海的高速铁路客运专线将在2011年底或者2012年初竣工，旅程将会从原来的10个小时缩短到4个小时，郑先生说。从纽约到亚特兰大或者芝加哥距离差不多，不过将花18到19个小时在Amtrak上，而且必须跟12，000吨重的货物列车和其他很多来来回回的列车分享铁轨。对于美国市场，郑先生说“我们能提供任何有需求的服务。”
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