本帖最后由 AlterEgo 于 2010-10-8 13:02 编辑
【中文标题】关于普世价值的争论
【原文标题】The debate over universal values
【登载媒体】经济学人
【来源地址】http://www.economist.com/node/17150224?story_id=17150224
【译者】AlterEgo
【翻译方式】人工
【声明】本翻译供Anti-CNN使用，未经AC或译者许可，不得转载。
【译文】
It is not quite true that China is rejecting Western values such as democracy. Rather, it is fighting over them.认为中国排斥西方诸如民主等价值观的看法未必正确。确切地讲，他们正在对这些问题进行着激烈的争论。
ON JULY 19th the graduates of one of China's leading business schools settled down in their academic finery to listen to a farewell address by Qin Xiao, the chairman of a state-owned bank. They little expected what they were about to hear. Instead of rallying them to further the cause of China's socialist modernisation, Mr Qin urged them to resist the lure of worldly things and to pursue "universal values" such as freedom and democracy. 7月19号这天，来自中国一所一流商学院的毕业生们身着毕业礼服静坐聆听着一场送别演讲，演讲人秦晓是中国一家国有银行的董事局主席。他们没有预料到将要听到的内容。秦晓没有号召同学们推进中国社会主义现代的光荣事业，而是规劝他们要经得住现实利益的诱惑，去追寻自由与民主这样的“普世价值”。
Mr Qin's speech to an audience of 2,000 people in Tsinghua University's sports centre fanned the flames of an ideological debate that has been smouldering in China for the past two years. A philosophical question of whether universal values exist has turned into a political fight, dividing scholars, the media and even, some analysts believe, China's leaders. The schism is likely to become more apparent as the Communist Party prepares for a sweeping change of leadership in 2012. Liberals will try to goad incoming leaders into making their views clear.
秦晓先生在清华大学体育中心面对着2000听众的这场演讲，助燃了过去两年以来在中国一直悄无声息进行着的关于意识形态的争论。一个关于普世价值存在与否的哲学问题现在演变成了政治角力，将学者，媒体分成了两个派别，一些分析人士认为这种派别划分甚至存在于中国的领导层之中。这样的派别分歧很可能会在2012年中国共产党进行领导层全面更替过程中日益浮出台面。改革派将会逼迫继任领导人在这件事上表态。
Mr Qin, who retired on September 21st after nine years as chairman of China Merchants, the country's sixth-largest bank, said recognition of universal values was at the heart of big issues facing China's development, from urbanisation to the provision of public services and the ownership of state assets. "Universal values tell us that government serves the people, that assets belong to the public and that urbanisation is for the sake of people's happiness," he said. Supporters of the "China model", he added, believe the opposite: that people should obey the government, the state should control assets and the interests of individuals are subordinate to those of local development.
秦晓在中国第六大银行招商银行任职董事局主席九年后，于今年9月21号离职退休，他表示承认普世价值是中国发展要面对的核心问题，涉及到城镇化，公共服务的提供到国有资产的归属问题。“普世价值告诉我们，政府要服务于人民，国有资产应属于大众，城镇化的推进则是为了人民的福祉，”秦晓表示。他同时表示，“中国模式”的摇旗呐喊者则持相反意见：人民应服从于政府，资产应由国家掌控，个人利益则服从于当地发展。
The term "universal values", or pushi jiazhi, is a new one in Chinese political debate-surprising given that concepts commonly associated with it, such as freedom, democracy and human rights, have been bickered over incessantly for 30 years. Many Chinese scholars think the debate really took off in 2008 after an earthquake in Sichuan province that killed around 80,000 people. Ten days after the disaster, a liberal newspaper in the southern province of Guangdong, Southern Weekend, published an editorial that praised the government's swift response. It said it had "honoured its commitments to its own people and to the whole world with respect to universal values".
“universal values”一词，中文称“普世价值”。考虑到中国过去三十年中对自由，民主和人权等普世价值相关概念没完没了地争论，这样一个新词出现在中国人的政治讨论中着实令人惊讶。许多学者认为这样的争论是在2008年那次造成80000人罹难的四川大地震之后广泛展开的。灾难发生的十天之后，广东的改革派报纸《南方周末》发表了一篇评论文章赞扬了政府在事件中的快速反应。文章称“政府向其人民和全世界兑现了自己关于普世价值的郑重承诺”。
That single mention of the term was enough to enrage hardliners. A flurry of commentary appeared in Beijing newspapers and on conservative websites attacking the idea of universal values as a Western plot to undermine party rule. China was preparing to host the Olympics in August 2008 with the slogan, "one world, one dream". But conservatives feared that embracing universal values would mean acknowledging the superiority of the West's political systems. In September, after the games, the party's own mouthpiece, the People's Daily, weighed in. A signed article accused supporters of universal values of trying to westernise China and turn it into a laissez-faire economy that would no longer uphold "socialism with Chinese characteristics". 单单提到这个词汇就足以让顽固派大感恼怒了。《北京日报》和一些保守派的网站接二连三地发文抨击普世价值不过是西方为了削弱党的统治制造的阴谋。中国2008年8月举办的奥运会提出了“同一个世界，同一个梦想”的口号。然而保守派担心接受了普世价值将意味着承认了西方政治体制的优越性。在奥运会结束后的九月份，共产党的喉舌《人民日报》开始发话了。一篇署名文章指责普世价值的拥护者们企图将中国西化，放弃“中国特色的社会主义”而将中国转变为自由放任的市场经济体系。
The debate picked up in December 2008 when hundreds of liberal intellectuals and out-and-out dissidents signed a manifesto in support of universal values, known as Charter 08. China faced a choice, it said, of maintaining its authoritarian system or "recognising universal values, joining the mainstream of civilisation and setting up a democracy". This was a step too far for the party leadership. Recently, Chinese officials have been issuing warnings about diplomatic trouble if the Nobel Peace Prize, due to be announced on October 8th, goes to the charter's organiser, Liu Xiaobo. Mr Liu, who is the bookies' favourite to win the award, is serving an 11-year jail term for his role. On September 28th, a Chinese foreign-ministry spokeswoman said his acts were "completely contrary to the aspirations of the Nobel Peace Prize".
争论在2008年12月继续进行着，数以百计的改革派学者和不同政见人士联名签署《08宣言》支持普世价值。宣言表示，中国面临抉择，要么维持现在的威权专制体制，要么承认普世价值，融入人类文明的主流建立民主体制。然而对党的领导层而言这一步迈得太过，不能接受。最近，中国官员发出警告，如果10月8号的诺贝尔和平奖颁给《08宣言》的组织者刘晓波，将会引发外交冲突。而正因为在此次事件中的角色，受到评奖委员会青睐的刘晓波先生正在承受11年的牢狱之刑。9月28号，一位中国外交部女发言人表示“刘晓波的行为完全与诺贝尔和平奖的精神相违背”。
China's strong economic performance during the global financial crisis has been a morale booster to conservatives. In a veiled demonstration that China has its own values, the authorities in Beijing this week staged the capital's first large-scale celebrations of Confucius's birthday (his 2,561st) since Communist Party rule began. Conservatives like to contrast what they see as a Confucian stress on social harmony and moral rectitude with the West's emphasis on individual rights.
中国在全球金融危机中的表现鼓舞了保守派的士气。而在本周当局组织开展了自共产党统治以来第一次在首都举办的声势浩大的孔子诞辰祭奠仪式，以此来间接宣示中国拥有自己的价值观。保守派乐于将自认为孔子关于社会和谐和道德典范的理念同西方关于个人权利的理念相对比，以彰显两者的差异。
But the rival camps are still at daggers drawn. Liberals see the prime minister, Wen Jiabao, as a champion of universal values. In November 2008 an article posted on Guangdong newspaper websites named both Mr Wen and President Hu Jintao as supporters of the notion. Neither man has used the term pushi jiazhi publicly, but the liberals' case for Mr Wen, at least, is a strong one. He wrote in 2007 that "science, democracy, rule of law, freedom and human rights are not unique to capitalism, but are values commonly pursued by mankind over a long period of history." An appeal by Mr Wen in late August for political reform has prompted a slew of veiled responses in the conservative media, castigating Western-style democracy.
两个派别仍旧是势不两立。改革派认为温总理应为普世价值的支持者。在2008年11月一篇刊登在广东日报网站上的文章认为胡温两人都是该理念的支持者。两人未曾公开使用过“普世价值”一词，但改革派认为从温的言行起码能得到判断。温在2007年写道“科学，民主，法治，自由和人权不是资本主义所特有的，而是人类在历史的长河中共同追求的。”八月末温关于政治改革的呼吁在保守派媒体中激起了千层浪，这些媒体不公开地斥责了西方式的民主。
Conservatives claim support from the party's publicity department, which controls the media in Beijing. They were encouraged by a speech on September 1st by Vice-President Xi Jinping, who is all but certain to take over from Mr Hu as party chief in 2012 and as president a year later. Mr Xi's speech was peppered with references to values, but did not come close to suggesting that any were universal. He cited the examples of several ordinary party members who, by devoting themselves to its interests, had answered "the basic question of what the main goals and highest values are for a communist". A Chinese scholar with close ties to conservative officials says there are divisions among top leaders over universality.
保守派得到了控制媒体的共产党宣传部门的支持。习副主席在9月1日的一次讲话也给保守派以鼓舞。几乎可以确定的是习会接替胡继任党的总书记，并在一年后成为国家主席。习的讲话中多次提到价值观的问题，然而却没有表示存在普世性的价值观。他列举了几位普通党员奉献自己的例子，来说明“什么是共产主义者的首要目标和最高价值这一基本问题”。与保守派官员有密切关系的一位中国学者称在最高领导称内部对普世性价值也存在分歧。
They have certainly vacillated. The government's first white paper on democracy in China, in 2005, began: "Democracy is an outcome of the development of political civilisation of mankind. It is also the common desire of people all over the world". A drafter says he now believes those words were "inappropriate". 他们现在在这个问题上确实是有点摇摆。中国政府在2005年发布的第一本人权白皮书中开篇写道：“民主是人类政治文明发展的结果，是全世界人民的共同追求”。一位白皮书的起草者表示他现在认为这些活“并不恰当”。
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发表于 2010-10-8 12:56
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