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楼主: rhapsody

[政治] 【2010.6.15 欧洲对外关系委员会】Policy Brief: A global China Policy

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发表于 2010-7-6 20:27 | 显示全部楼层
【1】【2】【4】校对
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发表于 2010-7-6 20:41 | 显示全部楼层
本帖最后由 千年明月 于 2010-7-6 20:54 编辑
其它的没有仔细看,这段好像有问题:

It now challenges US ships  that enter  its maritime Exclusive  ...
medien 发表于 2010-7-6 14:45
谢谢提醒,希望这回改对了,要辛苦校对了~
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 楼主| 发表于 2010-7-6 21:31 | 显示全部楼层
【1】【2】【4】校对
波默默妞 发表于 2010-7-6 20:27

[1]前面38楼有人先认领校对了,您就先接[2]和[4]的校对吧
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发表于 2010-7-6 23:38 | 显示全部楼层
New opportunities [6]

新的机遇

Given China’s  instrumental  approach  to  the  international system and its increasing leverage, the challenge is to identify what China needs that  it cannot provide on  its own. Firstly, despite its instrumental approach to multilateral institutions, China  needs  the  international  system  itself.  International monetary standards, the trading system, security and access to resources are all essential to China’s development. One could also argue that, in the longer term, international agreements to control climate change and preserve water resources will also be  important to China. Secondly, China needs tangible assets such as raw materials including oil, technology, access to markets, and security at home and abroad, including security for China’s financial assets.  It  is particularly vulnerable  in Africa, where its assets are growing at a spectacular rate but it has little leverage in terms of hard security. Thirdly, China may have intangible needs such as international recognition. Just as the tributary system was once a key source of the Chinese celestial bureaucracy’s self-esteem, so today’s regime relies to some extent on international recognition as a sign of legitimacy to its own people.

鉴于中国具有接近国际体系的有效途径,及其增加中的影响力,(欧洲)面临的挑战是确定中国需要什么自身无法提供的东西。首先,尽管有接近多边机构的有效途径,中国本身仍需要国际体系。国际货币标准,交易系统,安全保障和资源使用权,对中国的发展都至关重要。还可以说,长远来看,关于控制气候变化和保护水资源的国际协定对中国也很重要。其次,中国需求有形资产,例如石油等原材料,技术,市场准入,以及国内和国外的安全保障,包括中国金融资产的安全保障。尤其是在非常脆弱的非洲。(中国的资产)在那里以惊人的速度增长,但几乎没有安全可言。第三,中国可能有难以明了的要求,比如需要得到国际上的认可。正如朝贡制度曾经是中国天朝官僚自我陶醉的重要来源,今天的政权依靠某种程度的国际认可,作为自身统治人民合法性的标志。


Europe’s basic problem is that it lacks leverage over China. It is neither part of China’s neighbourhood nor does it have the strategic  leverage of the US. Europe does have two specific levers: China wants to be granted market status and it wants the EU  to  lift  its arms embargo. However, Europe should think carefully before making  these  two concessions, both of which, after all, can be made only once. Moreover, they could have wider  repercussions –  for example,  lifting  the arms embargo without  tangible progress on human rights might demonstrate to China and the rest of the world that the EU was willing to compromise on its values for a price or in the face of intransigence. But, in any case, however these two levers are used, they will not be enough on their own. Europe must  therefore  think about how  it can  increase  its  limited leverage over China.

欧洲的基本问题是缺乏对中国的影响力。它既不是中国的邻居,也没有美国的战略优势。欧洲有两个特定的杠杆:中国想要获得欧洲的市场地位,和希望欧盟解除武器禁运。但是,欧洲在做出这两项让步之前必须深思熟虑,毕竟它们只有一次机会。此外,它们可以有更广泛的影响 -- 例如,在中国没有明确改进人权状况之下解除武器禁运,可能等于告诉中国和全世界,为了某个代价或者面子,欧盟愿意妥协自己的价值观。。但是,在任何情况下,无论怎么使用这两个杠杆,它们的作用都不够大。因此,欧洲必须考虑如何能增加其对中国有限的影响力。


Although China appears to be more powerful than ever after the global economic crisis, the new situation in which China fnds itself does in fact make it vulnerable in several respects. Firstly,  there  is  greater  tension  between  China  and  the US. China’s blunt response to the Obama administration’s unprecedented offer of strategic co-operation – symbolised by the treatment of President Obama at Copenhagen – makes a G2 duopoly less likely, at least for the time being. This could create an opportunity for greater transatlantic co-operation on policy toward China (although the US could also decide that reaching an understanding with China takes precedence over consultation with its allies). At the moment, the main barrier to this kind of transatlantic co-operation is not the US but Europe’s own inability to act decisively, as ECFR showed in its power audit of EU-US relations.

尽管全球经济危机后,中国似乎比以往任何时候都更强大,在经济危机这一新形势中,中国也发现自己的几个弱点。首先,中国和美国的关系很紧张。奥巴马政府史无前例地邀请中国参加战略合作,但中国毫不客气地回应 -- 具体的例子就是在哥本哈根会议上中国对奥巴马总统的态度 -- 使得两大国携手垄断共进不太可能,至少在现阶段。这为更广泛的跨大西洋合作起来制定中国政策创造了一个机会,(尽管美国也可能决定与中国达成谅解比跟盟国协商更重要)。目前,跨大西洋合作的主要障碍,不是美国,而是欧洲本身无力采取果断行动,正如欧洲外交关系理事会在欧美关系实力审计中显示出来的那样。


Secondly, China’s  relationship with  its  neighbours  is  also becoming  more  strained.  China  increasingly  drives  the agenda  in  the  region by pressing  issues or by  letting  them persist. Whether with  India,  Japan  or Taiwan,  the  ball  is now in Beijing’s court – a major reversal from the Cold War era when China faced a range of diffcult partners in its own neighbourhood. But  this  also means  that China  is  coming under increasing pressure to use its new strategic freedom and to start signalling what its long-term options are. Otherwise, it risks creating a new coalition of countries anxious or frustrated by  the  opacity  of  Chinese  intentions.  China’s  systematic assertion of its sovereignty and its “core interests” looks very different to its partners now that it has become a rich and far-reaching state than it did when it was weak.

其次,中国与其邻国的关系也变得更加紧张。中国越来越多地在该地区推动议事日程,给问题施压,或让争议持续。无论是与印度,日本还是台湾(打交道),球现在北京这边(意味着中国占据主动) - 跟冷战时代中国在周边面对一系列难以应付伙伴的情况正好相反。但是,这也意味着中国受到越来越大的压力,难以运用其新的战略自由和展示其长远的选择。否则,在因不了解中国的意图而感到焦虑和懊恼的情况下,(邻国)将可能建立一个新的国家联盟。中国对其主权和“核心利益”的有系统的声明和主张,在它的合作伙伴眼里看起来非常不同。跟过去弱小的时候相比,现在的中国已成为一个富有的和难以接近的国家。


This situation may create new opportunities for Europe. After the ratification of the Lisbon Treaty and the creation of the European External Action Service (EEAS), the EU is in some ways in a stronger position than it was two years ago. China’s difficulties with  the US  and with  its  allies may increase Europe’s own direct leverage with China, which cannot afford confict on too many fronts. At the same time, the strained relations between  
the US and China creates opportunities for discreet co-ordination of policy with Washington. Even for  the US,  the  exertion  of  purely  bilateral  pressure  on China – especially on multiple  issues – has become harder. There may also be some scope for greater co-operation with Europe’s allies in Asia – for example, by extending free-trade partnerships and by developing strategic relationships with countries such as India, Indonesia, Japan and South Korea.

这种情况可能会为欧洲创造新的机会。里斯本条约正式批准和欧洲对外行动服务(EEAS)创建之后,欧盟比两年前在某些方面占据更有利的地位。中美矛盾,以及中国与其盟国的矛盾,可能会增加欧洲对中国的直接影响力,而中国也不能承受跟太多国家对抗。与此同时,美国和中国之间的紧张关系,也给欧盟和华盛顿创造了谨慎的政策协调的机会。美国对中国施加纯粹双边的压力--尤其在多个问题上--已变得更加困难。欧盟与其亚洲盟国之间也可能有更多的合作, 例如延长自由贸易伙伴待遇,跟印度,印度尼西亚,日本和南韩等国家发展战略关系。


The key to a global China policy is therefore to work with other countries to assemble coalitions to increase Europe’s leverage over China. A  good  illustration of how  this might work  is recent international co-operation to put pressure on China to disengage from Iran. China’s shift was prompted not so much by anything the US or Europe did but by the actions of other countries, in particular Russia’s change of policy on sanctions and the growing involvement in the negotiations of the Gulf States – especially Saudi Arabia, on which China  is already heavily dependent for energy imports and will be to an even greater degree  in  the  future.  In other words, Europe’s best chance of getting China to move may often be through others.

因此(欧洲的)全球中国政策的关键,是与其他国家合作,建立统一战线,以增加欧洲对中国的影响力。一个很好的例证是最近给中国施压,以迫使中国甩掉伊朗的国际合作。中国的变化并非由美国或欧洲促成,而是由于其他国家所做之事,特别是俄罗斯改变了制裁伊朗的政策,和(中国)越来越多地参与海湾国家的谈判 - 尤其是跟沙特阿拉伯,中国在能源进口上严重依赖沙特,而将来的依赖程度只会更大。换言之,欧洲要驱动中国,最好的可能性往往是通过它国。

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发表于 2010-7-7 00:14 | 显示全部楼层

第一次校对

中文部分,蓝色是原翻译稿,紫色是校对稿。

我认为自己是属于"邯郸学步"派的,即英文没学好,中文却忘了。有时候每个单词都认得,组合起来不知道什么意思。有时候明白英文的意思却没法用中文表达出来。下边有错误的地方,请大家踊跃指出,非常感谢。

A new China? [3]

一个全新的中国?

China has undoubtedly become economically more powerful in the  last 12 months, at  least  in the short term. Its sound budgetary situation at the beginning of the global economic crisis  enabled  it  to  launch  a  stimulus-and-loan  package, which, at around two trillion dollars including bank loans, is on a par with the Federal Reserve’s quantitative easing or the European Central Bank’s provision of bank liquidity.

在过去的12个月,至少在短期内,中国经济已经毫无疑问地变得更加强大。在全球经济危机中,它完好的财政形势使它能够推出一个“刺激和贷款”政策,这个政策投入大约2万亿美圆,包括银行贷款,是联邦储备局的量化宽松或欧洲中央银行资金供应的一个均值。

在过去的12个月,至少在短期内,毫无疑问中国在经济上已经变得更强大。在全球经济危机初期,具有健全的预算状况使得中国能够推出一个“刺激和贷款”计划,这个价值2万亿美元,包括银行贷款的计划,相当于美国联邦储备实施的量化宽松货币政策和欧洲中央银行注入流动资金的措施。

(搜到的背景资料:  金融海啸爆发后,2009年美国联邦储备局实施量化宽松货币政策,透过购入企业债券、房地产按揭抵押证券及长期国库债券等措施向市场注入资金,以助信贷市场复苏。2009年6月24日,欧洲中央银行向欧元区银行系统注入4422亿欧元(约合6175亿美元)一年期贷款,刷新欧洲央行一次性投放救援资金金额纪录。)


Thanks to  its competitive costs, China’s exports have suffered  less than those of its competitors: its exports of goods and services decreased by 10.6 percent while global exports without China decreased  by  16  percent.  There  is  no  doubt  that China’s policies since  late 2008 have created a giant  infrastructure, lending and real-estate bubble in the domestic economy.

感谢它的竞争成本,中国的出口遭受的损失比它的竞争对手小:它的货物出口和服务减少了10.6%,而同期全球不包括中国出口量减少了16%。毫无疑问,中国的政策自2008年后期已经在国内经济中创造了一个巨大的基础设施、借贷和房地产泡沫。

由于极有竞争力的成本,中国出口遭受的损失比它的竞争对手小: 它的货物出口和服务减少了10.6%,而同期不包括中国在内的全球出口量减少了16%。毫无疑问,自2008年后期开始,中国的政策在国内经济中促成了巨大的基础设施、借贷和房地产泡沫。


But China’s currency reserves and near-zero interest rates for the US dollar mean that even when this bubble bursts it is likely to create an  international deflationary effect rather  than a catastrophe  for China’s economy. China has  increased  the uses of its reserves for direct investment abroad, has taken a share of new currency swap agreements (as yet untested) in Asia, but remains far more cautious than is generally believed in undertaking new financial responsibilities.

但中国的美圆货币储备和接近零利率意味着,甚至当这个泡沫破灭时,它很可能建立一个国际性的通货紧缩而不是中国经济的大灾祸。中国已经增加了货币储备在投资领域的使用,并且在亚洲参与了一份新的货币交换协议(还未经过实验),但保持远比它通常被认为应该承担的金融责任更谨慎的态度。

但中国的外汇储备和几乎零利率的美元意味着即使泡沫破灭,很可能只造成国际性的通货紧缩,而不是中国的经济灾难。中国增大了使用货币储备在海外直接投资,并且在亚洲参与了一份新的货币交换协议(尚未经过检验),但保持远比它通常被认为在金融方面应该承担的新的责任更谨慎的态度。


As China has become economically more powerful, we are seeing  a newly  assertive  approach  in  a  range  of  spheres: economic, diplomatic, military, and  that of human  rights.

当中国经济变得更强大,我们看到了它在一系列领域的最新的进步:经济、外交、军事和人权。


Although China regularly reaffirms the importance it attaches to  Europe,  the  process  of moving  toward  a  partnership and  co-operation  agreement  between  the  EU  and  China has stalled. Even  the new US administration, which made an  unprecedented  attempt  to  engage  with  China  and accommodate  its strategic  interests and requirements, has been  increasingly  frustrated  by  China’s  reluctance  to  co-operate on  issues of  importance  to  the US  such as North Korea  and  Iran.

尽管中国经常重申它重视欧洲,欧盟与中国之间朝着伙伴与合作协议的进程已经建立。甚至美国新政府已经进行了一个史无前例的尝试与中国接洽,并且使之与他们共同的战略利益和需求相适应,但中国在美国关注的重要议题如朝鲜和伊朗问题上的不合作,让美国的挫败感持续增加。

尽管中国经常重申它如何重视欧洲,但中欧之间成为伙伴和签订中欧合作协议的进程陷于停顿。虽然美国新政府史无前例地尝试了与中国接洽,并且调整了自己的战略利益和要求,但依然为中国在美国关注的重要议题,如朝鲜和伊朗问题上的不合作,越来越感觉挫败。


Meanwhile, China  is  steadily  expanding its relationships with developing countries,  including Iran, Myanmar,  North  Korea,  Sudan  and  Turkmenistan.  Its share of direct investment abroad is rapidly involving major commodity producers, especially  in western Africa, and  its state firms are also financing  infrastructure projects  such as high-speed rail  in Saudi Arabia.

同时,中国正在稳定地扩大它与发展中国家的关系,包括伊朗,缅甸,朝鲜,苏丹和土库曼斯坦。它的对外直接投资份额正快速地涉及到商品生产商,尤其在西非。并且它的国有企业也融资基础设施项目如沙特阿拉伯的高速铁路。



China has also become more loudly protective of its sovereignty. It has always been sensitive about US arms  sales  to Taiwan, but now openly threatens to sanction US firms involved in arms sales in the same way that it previously threatened European companies.

中国还变得更加高调地保护它的主权。它一直敏感于美国对台湾军售,但现在公开威胁制裁美国涉嫌军售的公司,它之前曾以同样的方式威胁欧洲公司。

中国还变得更加高调地保护它的主权。它一直对美国对台军售非常敏感,但现在公开威胁要制裁美国涉嫌军售的公司,正如它之前威胁欧洲的公司。


China  has  also  raised  its  own  military  profile  without, however, co-operating with the West or accommodating  its close neighbours –  for example,  India, Japan and Taiwan –  on  strategic  issues.  China  has  had  double-digit  growth in military expenditure for all but one of the past 30 years. This means  that although military parity with  the United States is a long way off, China may be able to put pressure on other countries. In January 2010, China succeeded  in the diffcult feat of intercepting a ballistic missile during its final atmospheric re-entry phase – the  latest development in  an  unbroken  and  accelerating  trend  toward military modernisation.

中国还提升了它自己的军事力量,在战略问题上不与西方合作或容纳它的近邻——例如,印度、日本和台湾。中国在军费支出的增长也达到了两位数,这意味着尽管与美国相比,中国军事支出比美国差一大截,但还是能够给其他国家增加压力。2010年1月,中国成功地进行了一次在终期大气回程阶段高难度的弹道导弹拦截——这是连续和加速朝向军事现代化上的最新进展。

中国还提升了自己的军事力量,在战略问题上既不与西方合作,也不迁就它的近邻(例如印度、日本和台湾)。在过去30年中国在军费支出的增长达到了两位数,这意味着尽管中国的军事地位仍比美国差一大截,但足以给其他国家施加压力。2010年1月,中国成功地,高难度地完成了在终期大气层回程阶段拦截弹道导弹──这是连续和快速走向军事现代化的最新进展。


It now challenges US ships  that enter  its maritime Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) while its own ships enter its neighbours’ EEZs.

它现在在挑战美国船只的海上专属经济区(EEZ),与此同时自己的船进入了邻国的专属经济区。

现在,中国挑战进入自己海上专属经济区的美国船只,与此同时中国自己的船只进入了邻国的专属经济区。


It is also becoming increasingly ready to assert its jurisdiction over the north-eastern Indian state  of Arunachal  Pradesh,  and  has  expanded military bases along the border with India. (It is worth remembering, however, that China has only used signifcant force abroad twice in the last 60 years – during the short war with India in 1962 and the equally short campaign against Vietnam in 1979.)

它维护其对印度东北部阿鲁那恰尔邦的管辖的准备也在增加,并且在与印度交界的边境扩大了军事基地。(然而值得记起的是,在过去的60年,中国只有两次对海外使用显著武力——与印度在1962年的短暂战争和1979与越南之间同样短时间的对抗战役)

中国也越来越准备好取得印度东北部阿鲁那恰尔邦的管辖权,并且在与印度交界的边境扩大了军事基地。(然而值得一提的是,在过去的60年里,中国只有两次显著地对海外使用武力──1962年与印度的短暂战争和同样短暂的1979年对越南战争)


China  has  also  become more  open  in  rejecting  western human rights standards and is, on occasion, now even willing to show disregard for  its own  law. For example,  in January 2010,  a  Chinese  foreignministry  spokesman  responded to  a  question  about  the  whereabouts  of  a  well-known dissident, Gao Zhisheng, who had been missing for almost a  year, by  saying  that  “he  is where he  should be”.  (After briefy reappearing under police control after more than a year, Mr.Gao disappeared again.) This disregard represents a  significant  change and may  create  splits within China’s political elite and in public opinion.

中国在拒绝西方人权标准上也变得越来越公开,并且偶尔地、现在甚至决心表示对它自己的法律的不尊重。例如,2010年1月,中国外交部一个发言人在回应关于一个著名持不同政见者——高志晟的下落时,答道:“他在他应该在的地方”,而高志晟当时失踪了差不多一年。(在失踪超过一年以后,高志晟在警察监控下短暂现身,然后再次失踪)。这种傲慢代表了一种值得注意的变化,并且可能造成了中国政治精英与公众舆论之间的裂痕。


China has also become more aggressive toward foreign critics. For example, in 2009 it  boycotted  the Danish  government, which  for  decades had pursued a dual strategy of positive co-operation on the one hand and criticism of China over human rights and  its treatment of the Dalai Lama on the other.

中国在对待外国批评上也变得更加咄咄逼人。例如,在2009年它抵制丹麦政府,因为后者一方面积极推行双重战略合作,一方面在中国人权和中国对待达赖喇嘛的态度上批评中国。

中国在对待外国批评上也变得更加咄咄逼人。例如,2009年它抵制丹麦政府,因为后者几十年来一直推行双面战略,一方面积极合作,另一方面就人权和对待达赖喇嘛的态度批评中国。


As  a  result  of  these  events,  there  has  been  a  shift  in expert  analysis  and media  opinion  in  Europe  –  and,  in fact,  throughout  the West –  on  relations with China.  

作为这些事件的结果,已经在欧洲出现了专家分析和媒体意见的转变——并且事实上是整个西方——与中国的关系的转变。

作为这些事件的结果,关于欧中关系,在欧洲--事实上在整个西方--专家分析和媒体观点发生了转变。


In a  remarkably  short  space  of  time,  complacency has been replaced to a  large extent by anxiety. Even business seems less sanguine about the Chinese market. Google’s threat to leave China unless the security of its users is ensured suggests companies are no longer prepared to do business in China at any price.

在非常短的时空内,自鸣得意已经被大范围的焦虑取代。甚至商业上对中国市场更不乐观。谷歌威胁离开中国除非它的用户的安全得到保障,这提醒其他公司不再准备在中国做任何生意。

在非常短的时空内,很大程度上焦虑取代了自满。甚至商业上对中国市场的看法也不再乐观。谷歌威胁离开中国,除非用户的安全得到保障,这说明公司不准备不惜任何代价在中国做生意。


Accusations about unfair competition, dumping and monetary manipulation have also been getting louder. In fact, fuelled by indignation, many analysts are now calling for the West to take a more confrontational stance toward China. However, these calls for a strategic challenge are as unrealistic as the earlier consensus on unconditional engagement. The West  and China  are  simply  too  interdependent  for  us  to replace blind engagement with blind confrontation.

对不公平竞争、倾销和货币操纵的谴责越来越大。事实上,愤怒在燃烧,很多分析家正在呼吁西方对中国采取更对抗的姿态。然而,这些战略挑战的呼吁就象从前在“无条件接触”上达成一致意见一样不现实。西方和中国仅仅是太相互依存,对我们而言,不能用盲目对抗来取代盲目接触。

对不公平竞争、倾销和货币操纵的谴责越来越大声。事实上,很多分析家出离愤怒,呼吁西方对中国采取更对抗的姿态。然而,这些要求战略挑战的呼吁就象从前要在“无条件接触”上达成共识一样不现实。简单而言,西方和中国太依赖彼此了,所以我们无法用盲目对抗来取代盲目合作。


Moreover, the dramatic shift in perceptions of China reflects a change of mood among the West’s opinion leaders rather than a sudden aggressive turn in Chinese policy.  In  fact, there appear to be several trends occurring simultaneously in China.

而且,在对中国观点的戏剧性转变中反映了西方舆论领袖们情绪的转变,而不是对中国政策的突然的侵略性的转变。事实上,看起来有几种趋势同时在中国出现。

而且,对中国观点的戏剧性转变,反映了西方舆论领袖们情绪的转变,而不是中国政策的突然的挑衅的转向。事实上,看起来有几种趋势同时在中国出现。


For  example,  there were  some  signs  of  a more moderate trend in Chinese policy recently. Chinese offcials met again with the Dalai Lama’s representatives  in Beijing.

例如,最近在中国政策中有一些更温和的迹象。中国官员在北京和达赖喇嘛的代表们商谈。


After an acute phase of political repression, governance  is also improving in Xinjiang. Several semi-official spokesmen have also recently suggested that China may make further key concessions on global  issues,  for example by re-evaluating the  currency  and  co-operating with  the US  on  sanctions against Iran.

在激烈的政治镇压后,对新疆的治理也正在改善。几个半官方的发言人最近建议中国在全球问题上应该作进一步关键性让步,例如,重新评估货币以及与美国合作制裁伊朗。


But these developments were followed by signs of Chinese intransigence. For example, China has reaffirmed the monetary peg to the dollar despite calls for revaluation, and  there  is  even  a  possibility  that  the  renminbi will  be pushed lower.

但这些进步伴随着中国人不妥协的迹象。例如,,中国已经重申了对美圆的货币汇率而不管人民币升值的呼吁,而且甚至还有可能人民币被压得更低。

但这些进步伴随着中国不妥协的迹象。例如,无视人民币升值的呼吁,中国已经重申了对美元的货币汇率,而且还有可能人民币被压得更低。


These apparently contradictory developments suggest that there are genuine differences within  the Chinese political elite.  In particular,  there  are  signs of  a high-level debate between exponents of a more nationalist policy and advocates of international co-operation. Chinese foreign policy appears to  be  in  flux,  influenced  by  several  factors  including  the transition to a new  leadership  in 2012. However, the state of  relations  among  top  leaders  has  never  been  as  well protected  from outside  scrutiny  since  the  founding  years of  the People’s Republic of China.

这些显然矛盾发展的事件提醒人们,在中国政治精英中存在着真正的分歧。特别是更民族主义政策的倡导者们和国际合作的提倡者们之间,存在着高水平的辩论。中国外交政策显示出不稳定,这由几个因素影响,包括2012年新领导层的过渡。然而,从外界仔细的观察来看,自从中华人民共和国建国周年纪念以来,高层领导之间的关系情形从来没有被很好地保护。

这些显然矛盾的事态发展提醒人们,中国政治精英中存在着真正的分歧。确切地说,在高层存在着倾向于民族主义政策的倡导者们和国际合作的拥护者之间的争议。中国外交政策显示出不稳定,受到几个因素的影响,包括2012年新领导层过渡。然而,从中华人民共和国建国开始,高层领导之间的关系一直未能很好的避免受到外界监视。


The Chinese diplomats to whom  the West has access  tend  to explain, mitigate or deny. Meanwhile, many  of  the  key  decisions  in  China’s foreign policy are now taken by domestic actors within the army, major state companies and the party who are  largely unknown to foreigners. Understanding these new actors and their interests is a prerequisite for an effective foreign policy toward China.

西方接近过的中国外交官们试图解释、轻描淡写或拒绝回答。同时,中国外交政策的很多关键性决定现在由军队中的内部同盟者作出,主要的国家公司和党已经被外国人广泛知晓。了解这些同盟者和他们的兴趣是有一个有效的对中国外交政策的先决条件。

西方可以接触到的中国外交官们往往只会解释、轻描淡写或否认。同时,现在中国外交的很多关键政策的决策者是军队中的内部角色,大国营公司和外国人不甚了解的政党。了解这些新角色和他们的兴趣是制定一个有效的,针对中国外交政策的先决条件。

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发表于 2010-7-7 22:13 | 显示全部楼层
回复 45# rlsrls08


    谢谢!但你取的我的翻译稿是初稿,后来已经修改过了
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发表于 2010-7-8 00:57 | 显示全部楼层
本帖最后由 MiaT 于 2010-7-8 00:59 编辑

Summary部分 一校后

China now affects every global issue from trade and the economy to climatechange and nuclear proliferation, as well as every region from Africa to the Middle East. Europe therefore needs to reframe its China policy inglobal terms. Instead of thinking of their relationship with China in bilateral terms, EU member states needto take into account China’simpact across all of the issues in European foreign policy and in relationswith all other countries and regions. Europe needs to co-ordinate its ownpolicy more effectively, preferably at EU level, and to co-operate with othercountries to increase its limited leverage over China. In short, Europe needs aglobal Chinapolicy. Europe needs to identify and engagewith these actors.


当前,中国既能影响经济贸易、气候变化、核武器扩散等各种全球性问题,也能影响包括非洲和中东在内的各地区局势。因此,欧洲需要重新制定对华政策。在对华关系上,欧盟成员国不应将思维局限于双边模式中,而是要综合考虑中国对所有其他国家和地区,以及对欧洲外交政策中各项事务的影响。欧洲各国需要在更有效地协调自身政策的同时,与其他国家进行合作,才能给有限的欧洲对华影响力增加分量。(政策的协调最好在欧盟一级中进行。)简而言之,欧洲需要制定一个全球性的对华政策。另外,人们对中国目前许多重要外交决策的制定者缺乏了解。欧洲需要对其增进了解并加强沟通。

In the past, EU member states have struggled to co-ordinate even their ownpolicy toward China,let alone co-operate with other countries. But although China now feels morepowerful than ever, especially after the global economic crisis, greater tensionbetween China and both its neighbours and the US offers new opportunities forEurope to form new coalitions and to increase its leverage over China. Europe should also reach out to the new actors in theChinese system with whom it may share interests. To make this global China policy work, however, Europewill need to focus on a limited number of priorities. In particular, the EUshould focus its relationship with Chinaon five issues: trade and investment policy; industry and technology; climatechange; nuclear proliferation and Iran; and human rights.

过去,欧盟成员国之间协调对华政策都十分困难,更不用说与欧盟之外的国家合作了。虽然中国比以往任何时候都要强大,在全球经济危机后更是如此,但是,由于中国与邻国以及与美国之间的紧张局势加剧,这给欧洲建立新的联盟、并增加应对中国的筹码创造了新的机会。欧洲还应当与中国国内可能存在共同利益的新政策制定者进行交往接触。若想要全球性的对华政策行之有效,那么欧洲一开始着手的事项不宜过多。欧中关系应当特别集中在以下五个问题上:贸易和投资政策、工业与科技、气候变化、伊朗核扩散及人权问题。

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发表于 2010-7-8 05:29 | 显示全部楼层
回复  rlsrls08


    谢谢!但你取的我的翻译稿是初稿,后来已经修改过了 ...
千年明月 发表于 2010-7-7 22:13



   不好意思,我OUT了~
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发表于 2010-7-9 01:47 | 显示全部楼层
认领:7,9,12,13的一校
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发表于 2010-7-10 22:19 | 显示全部楼层
领第5段翻译。
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发表于 2010-7-11 16:04 | 显示全部楼层
本帖最后由 波默默妞 于 2010-7-11 18:34 编辑

introduction[2]一校
1/China has repeatedly snubbed Europeans in response to their support for the Dalai Lama and Tibet.
中国多次轻视欧洲,以此作为对后者支持达赖和藏独的回应。
觉得还是按原文翻成达赖喇嘛和西藏好一点,这是欧洲人写的文章,应该不会称达赖,他们总是说全名达赖喇嘛。

2/Finally, at the Copenhagen climate conference– a wake-up call for many in the West in general and in Europe in particular –……
此外,哥本哈根气候峰会号召西方国家,尤其是欧洲国家,采取气候行动而会中……
a wake-up call for many in the West in general and in Europe in particular翻成 以欧洲为主的西方国家

3/those who were more interested in applying political conditionality and those who were more accommodationist
赞同政治需要条件限制者与妥协迁就着的分歧
关于political conditionality我也没找到权威的译法,就找到了一个“政治条件性”
你看这样行吗“政治条件性的拥护者与妥协迁就者

4/最后一段少了一截译文The brief argues that Europe needs to co-ordinate its own policy more effectively and to co-operate with other countries to increase its limited leverage over China. Finally, it shows how Europe might begin to develop such a global China policy in five priority areas:  trade and investment policy; industry and technology; climate change; nuclear proliferation and Iran; and human rights.

不过这几句前面summary 里都有差不多一样的句子。

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发表于 2010-7-11 19:24 | 显示全部楼层
本帖最后由 波默默妞 于 2010-7-11 19:29 编辑

China’s increasing leverage [4] 一校
中国增加的影响力(中国手中的筹码越来越多)


Alongside  the changes  that have  taken place within China, its position in the world has also shifted as a result of global shifts.  China  is  currently  reaping  the  benefits  of  several converging factors: a long period of favorable demography and  steady macro-economic  policies;  its  classification  as a developing  country when  it  is  actually  the world’s  first trading nation and second-largest economy; and  its skilful and pragmatic diplomacy, which has combined lip service to global  integration and  international  institutions with  lavish care for bilateral relations.

伴随着中国内部(自身)发生的改变,作为全球变化的结果,它的国家地位(它在世界上的地位)也发生了变化。中国当前正在几个焦点上获益:长期良好的人口统计结果(人口政策)和稳定的宏观经济政策;中国被归类为发展中国家,当它事实上是世界上第一贸易国和第二大经济体(前后调换下位置:虽是世界上第一贸易大国和第二大经济体,却被列为发展中国家);它很有技巧和务实的外交政策随着对双边关系的过度关注,已经把口惠和全球一体化以及国际机构联合起来(灵活务实的外交政策……十分抱歉后面原文意思的木有看懂,但是根据combine*and*with*的结构来看,译文好像不对。)


Republican China led – and in 1942 finally won – a struggle to end all Western extra-territorial privileges.

民国领导——1942年最后取得胜利——是一场结束了西方治外特权的抗争。

(中华民国领导了一场结束西方治外特权的抗争,这场抗争于1942年最后取得胜利。)



      took steps  to  join  the World Trade Organization between 1999 and 2001


      且在1999年和2001有步骤(一步一步)地加入国际(世界)贸易组织
      

China has also made it clear that it is unwilling to  contemplate any binding  commitment  to  international sanctions,  apart  from narrowly defined  sanctions  against targeted  individuals. As a result, resolutions 1718 and 1874 on North Korea and resolutions 1737 and 1803 on Iran have been  far  less effective  than  they could have been.

中国还清楚地表明,它不愿意考虑对国际制裁附加任何承诺,除了狭义定义制裁目标个人(狭义定义的以个人为目标的制裁)。因此,(联合国)1718号和1874号对朝鲜以及1737号和1803号对伊朗决议的执行远比它应有的更低效(远未达到预期效果)。



我提供的翻译也不多好,个人意见,仅供参考啊~~呵呵

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 楼主| 发表于 2010-7-11 20:16 | 显示全部楼层
我提供的翻译也不多好,个人意见,仅供参考啊~~呵呵
波默默妞 发表于 2010-7-11 19:24

楼上谦虚了~~谢谢提供校对帮助~~呵呵
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发表于 2010-7-12 23:33 | 显示全部楼层
本帖最后由 HgHg 于 2010-7-12 23:35 编辑
A European strategy [7]
欧洲策略

Europe needs a new approach to China that is global in two senses. ...
囧囧人 发表于 2010-6-29 14:06

一校. 这位翻译的质量很高,我挑不出什么问题(当然,也是我水平有限,呵呵),只是稍微改了改. 中间有些莫名其妙的空格是复制粘贴产生的, 有必要的话可以用查找替换去掉.
------------------------------------------------------
A European strategy [7]
欧洲策略
欧洲策略

Europe needs a new approach to China that is global in two senses. Firstly, it should recognize that China is now a global challenge for Europe: its policy choices no longer affect only its neighborhood but every global issue from trade and the economy to climate change and nuclear proliferation, as well as every region from Africa to the Middle East. Instead of thinking of its relationship with China in bilateral terms, Europe therefore needs to reframe its policy on China in global terms. Secondly, however, it should also develop a global response based on the recognition that Europe will be more effective if it is less Beijing-centric and more focused on co-ordinating with others to shape China’s choices. It must also learn more about China’s new foreign-policy decision-makers in each policy area and region around the world.
欧洲需要有一个全球性的对华政策,这一“全球性”有两层意义。第一,该政策应意识到,中国现已成为欧洲的一个“全球性”的挑战:中国的政策抉择不再仅仅影响其周边地区,而是辐射至全球每个问题(从贸易和经济问题到气候变化和核不扩散)和每个地区(从非洲到中东)。因此,欧洲不应再以双边关系的角度看待中国,而要在全球范围内重新构筑其对华政策。第二,欧洲如果能少点北京中心论而能更关注通过与其他国家和地区的合作来制衡中国的(政策)抉择的话,欧洲将会更加有影响力。基于这样的一种认知,该政策也应发展一种“全球性”的应对机制。它必须也要去更多地了解中国在世界各地区各领域内各项政策的新的外交政策决策主体。
欧洲需要有一个全球性的对华政策,这一“全球性”有两层意义。第一,该政策应意识到,中国现已成为欧洲的一个“全球性”的挑战:中国的政策抉择影响不再仅仅在于其周边地区,而是覆盖全球每个问题(从贸易和经济问题到气候变化和核不扩散)和每个地区(从非洲到中东)。因此,欧洲不应再以双边关系的角度看待中国,而要在全球范围内重新构筑其对华政策。第二,欧洲如果能少点北京中心论而更关注通过与其他国家和地区的合作来制衡中国的(政策)抉择的话,欧洲将会更加有影响力。基于这样的一种认知,该政策也应发展一种“全球性”的应对机制。它也必须更多地了解中国在世界各地的新的外交政策决策者们。



This new global China policy should be based on the idea of “reciprocal engagement” that we outlined in our report a year ago. This means that Europe should be prepared to respond to China’s interest-based approach with an interest-based approach of its own. This approach should be based on two principles: firstly, that Europe should focus the relationship with China on a limited number of policy areas; and, secondly, that Europe should be prepared to use incentives and leverage to ensure that China will reciprocate.
这一全新的全球性对华政策,应基于我们一年前在报告中概述的“互惠接触”这一理念之上。这就意味着,欧洲应该准备好去响应中国及欧洲自身的利益驱动途径。这一途径要遵循两条原则:首先,欧洲需要在有限的几个政策领域关注与中国的关系;其次,欧洲应该准备利用刺激方式和杠杆效益来确保中国能做到有来有往。
这一全新的全球性对华政策,应基于我们在一年前的报告中概述的“互惠接触”这一理念之上。这就意味着,欧洲应该准备好用基于欧洲利益的方针来回应中国基于自身利益的方针。这一方针要遵循两条原则:首先,欧洲需要在有限的几个政策领域关注与中国的关系;其次,欧洲应该准备利用刺激方式和杠杆效益来确保中国能做到有来有往。


In other words, there should be political trade-offs between Europe and China. A consistent, persistent, well-coordinated European position must be able to exercise linkage on issues with China, something no single member state is any longer capable of obtaining.
换句话说,在欧中之间总有政策的相互权衡。一个一贯、持续、配合良好的欧盟状态必须能运用联合的力量来同中国处理问题,这并非哪个单独的成员国就可以实现的。
换句话说,在欧中之间应当有政治上的相互制衡。一个一贯、持续、配合良好的欧盟必须能运用联合的力量来同中国处理问题,这并非哪个单独的成员国就可以实现的。

As a first step toward developing such a global China policy, Europe needs to set clearer priorities.  Important Chinese officials and experts constantly repeat the same question: What does Europe want? The EU should therefore identify a limited number of issues of strategic importance and be consistent in communicating to China what they are. In particular, the EU should focus its relationship with China on five issues: trade and investment policy; industry and technology; climate change; nuclear proliferation and Iran; and human rights. Several of these issues, such as investment, proliferation and human rights, are also short-term priorities, while others, such as industry and technology, are areas in which there is a need for a Europe-wide rethink in the longer term that goes beyond EU-China relations. But, in each case, Europe needs to co-ordinate policy more effectively, identify possible coalition partners and co-operate with them to increase leverage, and identify interest groups and constituencies within China with whom Europe may share interests.
要迈出构筑以上这种全球性的对华政策的第一步,欧洲需要设定一个更为清晰的优先顺序。重要的中国官员和专家一直在重复同样的问题:欧洲究竟想要什么?因此,欧盟应该确定一系列有限的战略重要性的议题,并且一以贯之地在同中国的交往过程中去实现。欧盟尤其要在以下五方面议题中关注对华关系:贸易和投资政策、产业和技术问题、气候变化问题、伊朗与核不扩散问题、人权问题。其中,如投资、核不扩散及人权问题等都属于近期优先;而其他的,如产业和技术问题则属于需要全欧洲反思的、超越欧中关系的一个更长远的领域。不过,在每个国家中,欧洲还需要进行更为有效的政策合作,确定可能的联盟伙伴并与其合作来增加杠杆效益,还要确定欧洲或将与其分享利益的中国国内的一些利益集团和群体。
要迈出构筑以上这种全球性的对华政策的第一步,欧洲需要设定一个更为清晰的优先顺序。重要的中国官员和专家一直在重复同样的问题:欧洲究竟想要什么?因此,欧盟应该确定一系列有限的具有战略重要性的议题,并且一以贯之地传达给中国。欧盟尤其要在以下五方面议题中关注对华关系:贸易和投资政策、产业和技术问题、气候变化问题、伊朗与核不扩散问题、人权问题。其中,如投资、核不扩散及人权问题等都属于近期优先;而其他的,如产业和技术问题则属于需要全欧洲反思的、超越欧中关系的一个更长远的领域。不过,无论在哪个问题上,欧洲都需要进行更为有效的政策合作,确定可能的联盟伙伴并与其合作来增加杠杆效益,还要找出可能与欧洲存在共同利益的中国国内一些利益集团和群体。
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发表于 2010-7-13 03:30 | 显示全部楼层
Industry and technology [9]
工业与技术
China’s protective  industrial policies,  intellectual-prope ...
千年明月 发表于 2010-7-1 20:34

依然是一校....有些句式自己也不太满意,不过想不出更好的也没办法了.语法确实有点纠结...
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Industry and technology [9]
工业与技术
工业与技术


China’s protective  industrial policies,  intellectual-property rights and the insecurity of web-based communications make it more difficult for European and American companies to do business in China. China is reluctant to liberalize its domestic policies in these areas because to do so would imply it was no longer a developing country under WTO rules. For example, in the lead-up to the Copenhagen climate conference, China campaigned  to protect  the existence of  so-called Annex B countries under the 1997 Kyoto Convention. This group of countries, classifed as developing even  though  it  includes OECD member  states  such as South Korea, has  far  fewer obligations  than  developed  countries.

中国的保护性产业政策,知识产权和网络通讯的不安全感使欧洲和美国公司在中国做生意更困难。中国不愿意在这些领域放宽其国内政策,因为这样做暗示着中国在WTO规则下不再是一个发展中国家。例如,在哥本哈根气候大会上,中国致力于保护在1997年京都会议框架下所谓“附录B国家”的存在,这些国家被归类为发展中国家,尽管它包括了OECD成员国如韩国,承担比发达国家更少的义务。

中国的保护性产业政策,知识产权和网络通讯的不安全感使欧洲和美国公司在中国做生意更困难。中国不愿意在这些领域放宽其国内政策,因为这样做暗示着中国在WTO规则下不再是一个发展中国家。例如,在哥本哈根气候大会前,中国致力于保护在1997年京都会议框架下所谓“附录B国家”的存在,尽管这些国家包括了韩国等OECD成员国,它们仍被归为发展中国家,因此承担比发达国家少得多的义务。

However,  China’s continuing status as a developing economy is a handicap for truly developing countries that are,  in effect, trying to play catch-up.  It also allows China  to keep  in place protective rules  in many sectors of the Chinese economy that restrict opportunities for European and American firms. The United States could  therefore be a potential coalition partner  for Europe on industry and technology policy.
然而,中国继续作为发展中国家的身份是对真正发展中国家,实际上,是对正在奋起直追的国家的不利因素。它还允许中国在中国经济的很多方面保留保护性条例,这些条例限制了欧洲和美国公司的机会。结果,美国可能成为欧洲在工业和技术政策上的联盟伙伴。

然而,中国继续拥有发展中国家的身份是对真正发展中国家,也就是实际上那些正在奋起直追的国家的一个障碍。它还允许中国在中国经济的很多方面保留保护性条例,这些条例限制了欧洲和美国公司的机会。因此,美国可能成为欧洲在工业和技术政策上的联盟伙伴。

In order to face the challenge from China’s industrial policies (and  the  production  triangle  it  has  formed  with  more advanced East Asian producers in some cases), Europe needs to  take  a  radical  step  and  create  a  federal  industrial  and technology policy for the frst time.This means moving from simply unifying  its domestic market to fostering  industrial competitiveness, maintaining cutting-edge technology levels, and ensuring that its scientific and patent base is not raided under the pretext of an open market. This will enable Europe and China to move from an adversarial situation – in which the lack of a level playing feld and of cross-ownership links creates an  incentive  for preferential  rules and  intellectual-property  theft  – to  greater  interdependence.  

为了面对来自中国产业政策的挑战(以及它某些情况下已经形成的、拥有更先进东亚生产商的生产三角区),欧洲需要采取激进的一步,并第一次创建联邦工业和技术政策。这意味着从简单地统一它的国内市场到培育工业竞争力,保持前沿技术水平,并确保它的科学和专利基地不会在开放市场的借口下被袭击。这将使欧洲和中国能够从对抗局面转向更加相互依赖,在对抗下,缺乏公平竞争的环境和跨所有权的链接为优先规则和知识产权的窃取创造了动机。

为了面对来自中国产业政策的挑战(以及它某些情况下与更先进东亚生产商形成的生产三角区),欧洲需要采取激进的一步,并第一次创建联邦工业和技术政策。这意味着从简单地统一它的国内市场迈进到培育工业竞争力,保持前沿技术水平,并确保它的科学和专利基础不会在开放市场的借口下被掠夺。这将使欧洲和中国能够从对抗局面转向更加相互依赖,而对抗局面缺乏公平竞争的环境和跨所有权的链接,因此为优惠规则和窃取知识产权创造了动机。

Such  an industrial and technology policy could  include technical co-operation on China-related issues of cyber-security; funding and technical support to enable European frms to assert their intellectual-property rights and patents  in China,  including redress against Chinese frms that used technologies  leaked in  third  countries;  the  creation  of  a  European  funding agency to encourage cross-European co-operation on next-generation  technologies;  and  a  scheme  to  set  up  jointly-owned companies.
这样一个工业和技术政策可能包括在中国网络安全问题上的技术合作、基金和技术支持以使欧洲公司能够维护他们在中国的知识产权和专利,包括纠正中国公司,这些公司使用了被泄露给第三世界国家的技术,欧洲基金机构的创建鼓励了新技术上的跨欧洲合作,以及建立合资公司的方案。

这样的工业和技术政策可以包括在关于中国的网络安全问题上进行技术合作、给予资金和技术支持以使欧洲公司能够维护他们在中国的知识产权和专利,包括纠正中国公司使用被泄露给第三世界国家的技术的行为,另外也可以创建一个欧洲基金机构来鼓励新技术上的跨欧洲合作,以及建立合资公司的方案。
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发表于 2010-7-14 23:26 | 显示全部楼层
本帖最后由 MiaT 于 2010-7-14 23:32 编辑

China and the international system [5]

中国与国际体系


China’s strategy should not be seen as a revisionistchallengeto  the  international  system  and  its  rules.  In  fact,  Chinaoften acts as an upholder of existing  international  lawand sovereignty. At  the same  time, however,  itbuilds negative coalitions to restrain any new  internationalnorm-building. Furthermore, it builds these coalitions on the basis of tacticsrather than principle. For example, in October 2009, Chinaand Indiasigned a climate pact to defect any pressure on the two countries toset  legally binding emissions targets. One month later, China unilaterally announced its own target onemission reductions,  leaving a surprised  Indiawithout  its own  face-saving proposal. China appeared  to be making acontribution to action on climate change while it had, in fact, with India’s help,already blocked any binding agreement.


对国际体系和国际规则来说,中国的政略并不构成修正主义威胁。事实上,中国对现存的国际公法和国家主权往往是表示拥护和支持的。然而,与此同时,中国也与一些国家联合起来,用消极遏制的方法阻碍国际新准则的建立。更何况中国的这种对外合作不是以原则为基础,而是以战略为基础。比如说,中国与印度在200910月签订气候协议时约定,两国将拒绝设定任何有法律约束力的减排目标;可是一个月后,中国就单方面宣布了自己的减排目标,这让毫无准备的印度大吃一惊,根本拿不出减排方案来挽回面子。从表面上看,中国在为遏制气候变化做贡献,但实际上,中国早已借助印度,防止了任何有约束力的协议的达成。

China has become very skilful at building these coalitions.It lobbies and entices partners; rewards those who co-operateand  threatens  those who donot;  forms  coalitions aroundissues  such  as  sovereignty  and  trade;  and  occasionallybrushes off, intimidates or isolates reticent partners. It claims inpublic  that  it  is acting on principle,but  in reality  these principles are largely a formal andquasi-ritual form of public diplomacy. China always presents what inreality is offensive as defensive and castigates opponents as eithertroublemakers or consensus- or rule-breakers. As a result, China’s partners are often reluctant even toadmit publicly that they have fallen out with China. For example, the US envoy to Chinadefended the success of President Obama’s visit to Chinain November 2009, even after  it became clear  that  itwas a  failure, and has recently accused his own administration of“trampling on China’score  interests”. Similarly, the EU presented the EU-China summit in Nanjing in December 2009as a success even though it had not achieved any tangible result. Such is China’sskill that to have a public row with it becomes a sign of one’s own failure.


中国实现类似合作的技巧十分娴熟。中国围绕主权与贸易问题寻求合作,并且游说和引诱可能的合作对象,对配合者予以酬谢,对不配合者施以威胁;一旦合作对象过于谨慎或有所保留,中国就有可能对其假以颜色,进行威胁或孤立。中国对外宣称自己是恪守原则的国家,但事实上,中国的公众外交原则通常只是走走过场而已。中国习惯于以攻为守,把反对者斥责为“麻烦制造者”或“打破规则或共识的一方”。因此,中国的合作伙伴往往不愿公开承认与中国意见不合。比如说,虽然200911月奥巴马的访华之旅明显以失败告终,但美国驻华公使却从始至终都坚称访问是成功的,他还在最近批评自己的政府“践踏了中国的核心利益”。与之类似,尽管200912月在南京召开的欧盟—中国峰会没有得出任何实质性结果,但是欧盟还是宣布峰会获得了成功。中国的本领就在于此:如果你与中国出现了公开不合,那么一定是你的错。


China  is,  of  course,  not  the  only  scheming  actor  in  theinternational system. Neither does it exhibit openly hegemonic tendencies –except of course in its (growing)
neighbourhood where its “core interests” seem to be expanding. Indifference,passivity,
abstention and defensivebehaviour  remain  the preferred tools of China’s  internationalaction, albeit based on greater knowledge  from better diplomats andanalysts than at any previous time in its history. Nevertheless, Chinais ready to form alliances with states that seek to  limit the reachof the international system in any given area. It has co-operated with India and to a lesser extent the US to prevent binding  internationalagreements on climate change, with Russiato scupper  international sanctions against countries such as Iran, and withemerging or developing countries to protect national sovereignty on issues thatrange from trade to human rights.


当然,中国既不是国际体系中唯一的阴谋家,也没有公开地展示霸权主义倾向。不过,中国在邻国中的“核心利益”似乎越来越多。虽然中国现在的外交官和分析家比以往历史上任何时期都更有才干,但是在国际活动中,中国仍然以中立、被动、弃权和自我保护为主要的应对方式。可即便如此,中国还是愿意与其他国家合作,来限制国际制度在各种领域中的权限。中国与印度和美国进行过合作(与美国的合作范围较小),以防止达成有关气候变化的国际性协议;与俄罗斯合作,反对对伊朗等国家进行国际制裁;中国还与新兴或发展中国家合作,在从贸易到人权等各个问题上保护国家主权。


In the short term, China  is  likelyto continue to block newinternational  commitments  and  expand  its  influence  onthe margins of the international system. Other traditionally internationaliststates meet the costs of maintaining peace, of  insuring  the  financial  system  and  of  preserving  theenvironment, while Chinaderives the beneft. For example,carbon  trading  has  become  a  cashmachine  for  Chinesecompanies.  Similarly,  NATO  forces  protect  the  Aynakcopper mine in Afghanistan.Chinahas also so far limited its participation in anti-piracy efforts to helping itsown citizens. The stability of the  international fnancial system maywellbecome  another  case  of  widely  diverging  contributions.China’s  external  capitalfows  largely go  through offshore markets, a persistentanomaly which is a bigger issue when these fows become huge. In the frstquarter of 2010, while observers were hoping for the decline of China’sforeign-trade surplus, a total infow of 95 billion dollars came more frominward capital flows than from the current account surplus: in effect, anon-convertible currency  is serving as a magnet for capital.


在短期内,中国可能会继续阻碍新国际协约的达成,并通过蚕食国际体系,以扩大自身的影响。在其他传统的国际主义国家为维护和平、维持金融系统稳定、保护环境而付出的时候,中国却坐享其利。比如说,许多中国企业依靠碳排放交易赚得盆丰钵满;中国投资的阿富汗艾娜克铜矿受的是北约部队的保护;中国为给国内民众开方便之门而有意对盗版打击不力。另外,在维持国际金融系统稳定方面,各国做出的贡献差别很大。中国大部分的外部资本流动都是通过离岸市场实现的,这种做法不合常规。而且资本流动量越大,造成的问题也就越大。在2010年第一季度,尽管观察家期望中国的外贸顺差额能有所下降,但中国仍收获了950亿美元的顺差。这笔顺差多来自资本内流,而非来自经常项目顺差。也就是说,人民币的不可兑换性是中国吸引资金的源泉。


In the  longer term, however, we seem to be moving toward acompletely scaled-down model of the international system based on nation statesand a system of rules that functions merely as a way  toprevent  interference between  them. At best, this is anorm-free order, in which only infringements on sovereignty justifyinternational involvement. At worst, it could be a world defned by anarchy.


从长期来说,国际体系的规模似乎将会缩小,国家间的相互干预将受到一系列规则的限制,各国自行其是的空间会越来越大。这种趋势发展到最后,结果可能是国际规则的消失,即除非一个国家的主权受到了侵犯,否则国际力量将无权对该国进行干预。这还是最乐观的估计。最坏的结果是全世界都会陷入的无政府混乱状态。


While Chinese military spending is rising quickly, the Chinese contribution toactual enforcement of  the  internationalorder  is minimal, and  it is therefore unlikely to replacethe US  inenforcing the UN system. Therefore, as Europeans and Americans debate theirdifferent values, they would do well to take notice that China is tempted by anormless  foreign policy – the 21st century equivalent of what thehistorian Akira Iriye has termed the “ideal-less” foreign policy of Japanin the 1920s. For this reason, Chinais becoming a huge test for EU foreign policy, which has been predicated on theprinciple of global norms and values.


中国在迅速增加军费开支的同时,对维护国际秩序所做出的贡献却微乎其微,因此中国不大可能会取代美国在执行联合国任务中的地位。因此,欧美在为各自的价值观念进行争论的同时,也应当注意,中国倾向于“无规则”的对外政策,这种政策类似于日本在20世纪20年代实行的,被历史学家入江昭称为“缺失完美理想”的外交政策。由于欧盟的外交政策建立在全球性的规则和价值观之上,因此,中国对欧盟的外交政策形成了巨大考验。


China’spolicy  choices no  longer affect only  its neighbourhoodbut every  issue from trade and the global economy to climate changeand nuclear proliferation, as well as every region from Africa to the Middle East. EU member states therefore need totake  into account China’simpact across a range of policy  issues and  in relationswith other countries and regions. Therefore,  instead of thinking ofits relationship with Chinain bilateral terms, Europe thus needs to reframe its policy on Chinain global terms. In other words, Europe needs a global China policy.


中国选择什么样的政策,将不仅仅影响其邻国,而且会影响包括贸易、全球经济、气候变化和核扩散问题在内的各个领域,以及包括非洲和中东在内的世界各个地区。因此,欧盟成员国需要综合考虑中国对各种政策问题,以及对所有其他国家和地区的影响。在对华关系上,欧盟不应将思维局限于双边模式中,而是要以全球性视角重新制定对华政策。也就是说,欧洲需要制定一个全球性的对华政策。

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发表于 2010-7-17 08:18 | 显示全部楼层
本帖最后由 HgHg 于 2010-7-17 08:21 编辑
Human rights
人权问题

Human rights is an important issue not just in its own right but also becaus ...
忧心 发表于 2010-6-29 08:40

一校,依然是挑不出什么错。
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Human rights  [12]
人权问题

人权问题


Human rights is an important issue not just in its own right but also becauseEurope increasingly puts its credibility with China on the line when it defendshuman rights. Although Europe and most of its member states have criticisedChina on human rights issues, they have also frequently backed down. Forexample, France and Germany stopped voting for resolutions against Chinesehuman rights abuses at the United Nations Commission on Human Rights in 1997.However, this decision – justified as a switch to quiet diplomacy – dividedEurope and did not result in any real progress in China. Moreover, by backingdown and changing tack, Europe does not just fail to achieve results but alsocreates a perception of weaknesses that affects its ability to win concessionsfrom China on other issues. The apparent lack of any joint initiative with theUS does little to enhance the West’s credibility among the Chinese elite.
人权成为一个重要问题,不仅出于它本身的正义性,也由于欧洲在捍卫人权的问题上,越发拿其在中国的信义来冒险。虽 然欧盟及其大多数成员国一直在人权问题上批评中国,但它们也经常做出退让。比如,1997年,法国和德国在联合国人权委员会中不再支持反对中国侵犯人权的 议案。然而,这一决定——被证明是向温和外交政策的转变——分裂了欧洲,而并未在中国取得任何实质性进展。此外,通过退让和调转方向,欧洲不仅未能取得成 果,还造成了弱点,这一弱点会影响到欧洲在其它事务中赢得中国让步的能力。明显缺乏与美国的共同倡议无助于加强西方在中国精英中的信誉。
人权成为一个重要问题,不仅是出于它本身的原因,也由于欧洲在捍卫人权的问题上,越发拿其在中国的信誉来冒险。虽然欧盟及其大多数成员国曾经在人权问题上批评过中国,但它们也经常做出退让。比如,1997年,法国和德国在联合国人权委员会中不再支持反对中国侵犯人权的议案。然而,这一号称是转而采取温和外交政策的决定分裂了欧洲,也并未在中国取得任何实质性进展。此外,通过退让和调转方向,欧洲不仅未能取得成果,还造成了弱点,这一弱点会影响到欧洲在其它事务中赢得中国让步的能力。欧洲明显缺乏与美国的共同行动也无助于加强西方在中国精英中的信誉。


Criticism of Chinese human rights abuses is now increasingly made at the EUlevel, which leaves member states free to pursue their bilateral interests withChina. If member states make high-profile gestures at all, they focusincreasingly on popular issues such as Tibet and the Dalai Lama and ignoreother political dissidents who are less well-known outside China. The primarygoal of European policy on human rights in China should therefore be greaterconsistency and persistence. The danger that criticism of China and action onhuman rights is “kicked upstairs” to the EU institutions is now particularlyacute because of the creation of the EEAS.

如今,对中国侵犯人权的指责日益停留在欧盟层面,从而使其成员国得以自由的寻求它们同中国的双边利益。即使某些成 员国彻底做出了高调的姿态,他们关注的焦点也越来越集中在热点问题上,比如西藏和达赖喇嘛,而忽略了其他在中国以外不广为人知的持不同政见者。因此,欧洲 对华人权政策的首要目标应该是拥有更强的一致性和持久性。由于欧盟对外行动署(EEAS)的成立,批评中国的风险和欧盟机构人权行动“明升暗降”的情况如 今尤为严重。

如今,对中国侵犯人权的指责日益停留在欧盟层面,从而使其成员国得以自由地寻求它们同中国的双边利益。即使某些成员国作出了高调的姿态,他们关注的焦点也越来越集中在热点问题上,比如西藏和达赖喇嘛,而忽略了其他在中国以外不够知名的持不同政见者。因此,欧洲对华人权政策的首要目标应该是拥有更强的一致性和持久性。由于欧盟对外行动署(EEAS)的成立,欧盟机构批评中国和人权行动“明升暗降”的风险如今尤为严重。


In order to avoid this, the EU should create a new mechanism to co-ordinatehuman rights policy more effectively. Firstly, the team within the Europeaninstitutions that collects information on human rights violations in China(currently the human rights units in the Council Secretariat and the EuropeanCommission’s China desk) should report to COASI and thus be integrated intowider regional policy. Secondly, decisions about which cases are going to be raisedby European officials with their Chinese counterparts should be taken at COASImeetings. Thirdly, the European Council should decide whether and when topublicly criticise China and, crucially, whether it is willing to back up thecriticism with action. This three-level mechanism would prevent individualmember states (or the European Parliament) from raising other cases, but wouldmake it more difficult for them to disassociate themselves from European humanrights policy. Europe should agree a minimal code of conduct on key issues suchas the treatment of the Dalai Lama.
要改变现状,欧盟应当建立一个新的机制更有效的协调人权政策。首先,由欧盟机构内的团队(目前是欧盟理事会秘书处 人权机构及欧洲委员会中国事务部)收集中国侵犯人权的信息,该团队应向欧盟理事会亚洲事务协调会议(COASI)报告,以确保这些信息被整合到更广泛的区 域政策中去。然后,至于那些案例将会由欧盟官员提交给他们的中国同行,这一决策应交由欧盟理事会亚洲事务协调会议讨论。最后,由欧盟理事会来决定是否及何 时公开指责中国,以及更关键地,决定欧洲是否愿意以行动支持对中国的指责。这一三级机制可能会阻碍单独的成员国(或是欧洲议会)提出案例,但也会让个别成 员国更加难于脱离欧盟的人权政策。欧盟应该达成一个最基本的处理规程以应对一些关键问题,比如对待达赖喇嘛的问题。
要改变现状,欧盟应当建立一个新的机制以更有效地协调人权政策。首先,由欧盟机构内的团队(目前是欧盟理事会秘书处人权机构及欧洲委员会中国事务部)收集中国侵犯人权的信息,该团队应向欧盟理事会亚洲事务协调会议(COASI)报告,以确保这些信息被整合到更广泛的区域政策中去。然后,至于那些案例将会由欧盟官员提交给他们的中国同行,这一决策应交由欧盟理事会亚洲事务协调会议讨论。最后,由欧盟理事会来决定是否及何时公开指责中国,以及更关键地,决定欧洲是否愿意以行动支持对中国的指责。这一三级机制会阻碍单独的成员国(或是欧洲议会)提出其他人权案例,但也会让他们更加难于脱离欧盟整体的人权政策。欧盟在关键问题上应该达成一个最基本的处理原则,比如对待达赖喇嘛的问题。


Chinese public opinion does play a role in the effectiveness of externalcriticism. Therefore the EU should focus its criticism in particular oncategories of human rights violations and governance issues that violate bothinternational norms and China’s own laws. These include administrativedetention and sentencing, the lack of proper defence counsel, prosecution fornon-violent religious and political beliefs, and torture and disappearances.The EU should also focus on human rights abuses under Chinese law where it hasplayed a key role in defining international norms – for example, the deathpenalty. As with other issues that are important to Europe, member statesshould consider how they can give China positive and negative incentives toadhere to international human rights standards.
中国的民意也对外部批评的有效性起到了作用。因此,欧盟应该将指责尤其集中于各类侵犯人权的行为及那些既违反本国 法律又违反国际法的政府行为上。这些行为包括行政性拘留和审判,缺乏适当的辩护律师,对非暴力宗教和政治信仰的起诉以及刑讯和失踪。欧盟也应关注中国法律 下的人权侵犯,这对国际标准的制定起着关键作用——比如,死刑。和在其它对欧洲来说重要的问题上一样,成员国也应考虑如何通过奖惩措施引导中国遵循国际人 权准则。
中国的民意也会影响外部批评的有效性。因此,欧盟应该将指责集中于各类既违反中国法律又违反国际法的侵犯人权行为与政府行为上。这些行为包括行政性拘留和审判,缺乏适当的辩护律师,对非暴力宗教和政治信仰的起诉以及刑讯和失踪。欧盟也应关注那些对国际标准的制定起着关键作用的中国法律下的人权侵犯——比如,死刑。和在其它对欧洲来说重要的问题上一样,成员国也应考虑如何通过奖惩措施引导中国遵循国际人权准则。[

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发表于 2010-7-20 22:30 | 显示全部楼层
本帖最后由 红山茶 于 2010-7-20 22:31 编辑

How to improve the EU’s  internal coherence [14]
如何改善欧盟内部的协调一致
为了能够发展这样一种基于各国之间更好的配合和“互惠交往”理念的全球性对华政策,首先欧洲内部要比以往协调一致。特别是,欧洲需要改善各成员国和欧洲机构之间的合作关系。
因此,欧盟应该开始对欧中政策进行政治审查,审查成员国以及欧盟机关接近中国的方式。
审查将检视部门对话和战略对话的效力,以便使程序合理化,在欧盟机构的高度上更好的运转。特别是,欧盟的目标应该是它每个峰会的政策声明要保持一致,并更有效地协调传达给中国的信息。没有这样的一致性,发展一个更连贯的政策将是不可能的。

这次审查应会针对欧洲制定对华政策的程序解决一些具体问题。首先, 本次审查应会建议用另外的方法替代当前的双轨方法(双轨方法:一方面将贸易和宏观经济问题分开,另一方面,对外政策和统治方式分开。)双轨方法让中国只把欧洲当成是它的出口市场。第二,提出通过各种方式来做出高水平欧盟政策,比如通过扩大亚洲—大洋洲工作小组会议引入高层次的会议代表和关键部门领导,或者通过在欧盟常驻代表委员会以及政治和安全委员会会议上讨论中国问题。对于欧盟各国来说,常驻代表委员会和政治和安全委员会是欧盟理事会主要的协调办事机构。第三,把欧盟外交属的设立视为创立一个新角色——欧盟外交代表的机会,外交代表要求具备语言和区域培训经历,在中国问题上他们能够重新协调欧盟代表团和成员国的大使领事之间的关系。欧盟外交属将来也需要涉及欧洲企业和非政府组织,以求赢得政治合法性和政治影响力。
第四,对于中国由于敏感问题,比如达赖喇嘛和台湾,而报复成员国,欧盟应明确欧盟一致做出反应的程序
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发表于 2010-7-23 03:25 | 显示全部楼层
一校

Nuclear proliferation and Iran [11]

核扩散与伊朗问题


Iran’s nuclear policy is an immediate and urgent European strategic concern. Its attempt to develop nuclear weapons presents a direct threat to Europe and is a decisive test for the Non-Proliferation Treaty. However, Europe has not yet made Iran a strategic priority in its relationship with China. China opposes sanctions not only because it relies increasingly on Iranian oil but also because it does not share the West’s perception of the threat from Iran. Furthermore, China and Iran share resentment of perceived American meddling in their domestic politics. Beijing also suspects that sanctions are part of a wider plan to promote regime change in Iran – something it is loath to see anywhere. Beijing also does not believe sanctions will work. However, China wants to avoid a direct clash with the US over Iran and also to avoid compromising its relationship with Israel. Thus China has voted in favour of all four UN Security Council resolutions on sanctions against Iran since 2006, albeit after significant delays and restrictions.

伊朗核政策是欧洲直接而紧迫的战略关切。该国发展核武器的企图构成了对欧洲的直接威胁及对核不扩散条约的决定性考验。然而,欧洲尚未使伊朗问题成为对华关系的战略重心。中国反对制裁伊朗不仅是因为中国越来越依赖于伊朗的石油,还因为该国不赞同西方的伊朗威胁论。此外,中国与伊朗同样对美国被其视为干涉内政的行为感到不满。北京还怀疑对伊制裁是一个旨在促使伊朗政变的更广泛计划的一部分——而无论发生在哪里的政变北京都不愿看到。北京也不相信制裁会起到作用。但是,中国希望能避免在伊朗问题上与美国发生正面冲突,及避免同以色列的关系受到损害。因此,尽管经过了重大的拖延和限制,中国自2006年起还是投票赞成了所有四项联合国安理会关于制裁伊朗的决议。


伊朗核政策是欧洲直接而紧迫的战略关切。该国发展核武器的企图构成了对欧洲的直接威胁及对核不扩散条约的决定性考验。然而,欧洲尚未使伊朗问题成为对华关系的战略重心。中国反对制裁伊朗不仅是因为中国越来越依赖于伊朗的石油,还因为该国不赞同西方的伊朗威胁论。此外,中国与伊朗同样都对美国干涉其内政的行为感到不满。北京还怀疑对伊制裁是一个旨在促使伊朗政变的更广泛计划的一部分——而无论发生在哪里的政变北京都不愿看到。北京也不相信制裁会起到作用。但是,中国希望能避免在伊朗问题上与美国发生正面冲突,及避免同以色列的关系受到损害。因此,尽管经过了重大的拖延和限制,中国自2006年起还是投票赞成了所有四项联合国安理会关于制裁伊朗的决议。





China and Iran share resentment of perceived American meddling in their domestic politics. Europe’s aim should be to change this calculus of interests. Perceived costs to China’s relationships with its most important energy providers in the Gulf are more likely to make a difference than anything Europe can do directly such as bilateral pressure or sharing intelligence. At the same time, the more solid and broad-based the international consensus that exists on sanctions, the higher the price China will pay for blocking them. Ultimately, if China finds itself facing unanimous support for sanctions, it will probably not use its veto but rather attempt to water down the resolution through a delay-and-weaken strategy that maximises concessions from both Iran and the West. The real risk is thus that China will only support sanctions that are effectively toothless.

欧洲的目标应该是改变这种利益计算的规则。欧洲已经意识到,较之欧洲所能直接采取的任何行动——比如双边施压或者情报共享而论,中国与其在海湾地区最重要的能源供应国之间的关系会付出的代价大概更为紧要。但是,制裁中存在的国际共识越扎实,基础越广泛,中国阻止它将要付出的代价就越高。最终,如果中国发现自己面临着对制裁的一致支持,它可能不会运用否决权,而是试图以拖延和弱化的策略来淡化制裁的决议,达成伊朗和西方双方最大限度的妥协。真正的风险在于,这样中国将只会支持事实上无效的制裁方案。

欧洲的目标应该是改变这种利益计算的规则。欧洲已经意识到,较之欧洲所能直接采取的任何行动——比如双边施压或者情报共享,中国与其在海湾地区最重要的能源供应国之间的关系会付出的代价大概更为紧要。但是,制裁中存在的国际共识越扎实,基础越广泛,中国阻止它将要付出的代价就越高。最终,如果中国发现自己面临着对制裁的一致支持,它可能不会运用否决权,而是试图以拖延和弱化的策略来淡化制裁的决议,达成伊朗和西方双方最大限度的妥协。真正的风险在于,这样中国将只会支持事实上无效的制裁方案。

Europe should make it clear to China that Europe’s “core interests” are in play here and consider how it can give China positive and negative incentives either to accept tighter sanctions or to intervene with Iran directly. Positive incentives could include the sharing of advanced and dual-use technologies; co-operation with African countries and regional organisations to enhance the security of China’s nationals and their interests in Africa; and an offer of an international commitment to abstain from the political use of energy in order to enhance China’s own energy-security needs. Negative incentives could include obstacles for China on its imports of oil from the Middle East; an extension of controls on dual-use technologies to China; and a threat to develop anti-ballistic missiles with American, Japanese and South Korean partners.

欧洲要让中国明白,此事事关欧洲的核心利益,欧洲还应考虑如何给予中国奖惩来引导中国或是同意更严厉的制裁措施,或是直接干预伊朗问题。奖励措施可以包括分享先进技术和军民两用技术,与非洲的国家和区域组织合作来提高中国的国家安全和中国在非利益的安全,以及提供放弃政治手段介入能源问题的国际承诺以提高中国自身的能源安全需求。惩罚措施可以包括阻挠中国从中东进口石油,加强对华输出军民两用技术的控制,以及威胁要同美日韩盟友协作发展反弹道导弹。


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对不起我最近太忙了,都没干活。

忧心同学水平很高,翻译得很好。没有什么可纠正。

就是第一段中一句话我稍微调整了一下,以及第二段里去掉2个字。
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 楼主| 发表于 2010-7-24 00:54 | 显示全部楼层
Trade and investment policy
贸易与投资政策

On trade and investment policy, Europe is, in a sense, in a stronger position than the US in relation to China. The European market is as important to China as the North American market. But because private savings in Europe compensate for public debt, Europe’s overall need for external capital is nowhere near as great as that of the US, and Europe is therefore not as dependent on China as the US is. Europe could therefore use the terms to access to its own market in order to win concessions from China, even if it would not always be in the best interests of European consumers. However, until now, Europe has not used the leverage it has to get what it wants from China. Europe should now aim to create more incentives for China to open its economy and diversify investment in Europe. As part of a global China policy, it should also consider whether it may have shared interests with emerging economies such as India and Brazil, which are increasingly competing with China on high technology exports.
某种程度上说,在贸易与投资政策方面,欧洲相比美国在对华关系上处于更强势地位。对于中国来说,欧洲市场和北美市场一样重要。但由于欧洲的私人储蓄抵补了公共债务,欧洲对于外来资本的总体需求根本不像美国所需的那么大,因而欧洲也就不像美国那样依赖中国。因此欧洲可以运用自身市场的准入条款来获取中国方面的一些让步,尽管这并不一定总是符合欧洲消费者的最佳利益。然而直到现在,欧洲都没有动用这一筹码从中国那获得自己想要的东西。欧洲应着眼于更多地激励中国开放其经济并将其投资分散到欧洲来。而作为全球性对华政策的一个组成部分,欧洲同样应该考虑其与印度和巴西等新兴经济体之间是否可能存在共同利益,后者与中国在高科技出口方面的竞争正日益激烈。

Currently, China invests most in acquiring European high-tech companies, particularly smaller firms that create less controversy. This cautious but mercantilist approach must give way to investment that drives growth in Europe. The Chinese should be encouraged to invest in larger companies, in Europe’s bond markets (and preferably an EU-level public bond system) and in structural infrastructure projects. Better participation by China in the regulation of offshore capital markets is also essential to a reciprocal relationship and to the potential role of the renminbi as a reserve currency. There remain many European loopholes on these issues, but none is so large as to match the opacity of China’s external balance sheet.
现时,中国大多投资于收购欧洲高科技企业,尤其是较少招致争议的小型公司。这一谨慎却又带有重商主义意味的方式必须让位于能给欧洲带来增长的投资方式。应鼓励引导中国投资更大型的企业,投资欧洲的债券市场(最好是欧盟层级的公债体系),还有投资结构性的基建项目。中国更多地参与离岸资本市场的管理也是互惠性关系的基本要件,亦是人民币成为潜在储备货币的基本要件。欧洲在这方面仍存在着许多漏洞,但没有什么比中国对外资产负债表的透明度这个漏洞更大。

There are a number of possible proposals on trade and investment policy that the EU could make. It could, for example, create a Eurobond instrument with a mandate for structural investment inside Europe; encourage large-scale projects with joint Chinese participation; ask China to open its infrastructure projects under stimulus spending to European firms; and open its public procurement. But whatever proposals the EU makes, it should be prepared to take action if China refuses to respond to them. While protectionism is both highly unlikely and undesirable, Europe could consider making full use of anti-dumping measures, cracking down on illegal imports (which are wildly underestimated), and taxing China’s non-cooperation on emission reductions by a carbon tax that would be levied on European producers as well as imports. Europe has a need for fiscal revenue in lean economic years and China’s exports have downward price fexibility thanks to China’s union-less system. This means that such propositions, which would be compatible with WTO provisions if they were assessed fairly and levied across the board, could be effective if China keeps leading the global trend toward a low household revenue and consumption share of its GDP. Trade agreements with the key Asian economies could also increase European leverage over China.
欧洲在贸易与投资政策方面可以提出若干方案。例如,欧洲可以创制欧元债券工具并要求在欧洲里边进行结构性投资;鼓励与中国联合参与的大规模项目;要求中国在增加对欧洲企业投入的基础上开放其基建项目,以及开放公共采购。但不管欧盟提出什么方案,都应该做好中国拒绝作出回应的应对措施。虽然贸易保护主义既极不可能亦极不相宜,但欧洲可以考虑充分利用反倾销措施,打击非法进口(被广泛低估了),对中国在减排方面的不合作行为课以碳税——此税不仅应对欧洲厂商征收,也应对进口商品进行征收。欧洲在经济不景的年份里需要财政收入,而中国得益于虚设的公会体系,有了向下调价的弹性。这意味着这样的主张,如果能在理事会得到公平的评估,就会是符合世贸组织条款的,也就可能是有效的——如果中国保持将世界趋势引向家庭低收入,以及消费在GDP中占低份额的话。与关键的亚洲经济体签订贸易协议也可增加欧洲应对中国的筹码。
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