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本帖最后由 miaosi58 于 2010-9-13 14:50 编辑
【原文标题】The World's Worst Textbooks
【中文标题】全球最差教科书
【登载媒体】外交政策
【来源地址】http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/09/07/the_worlds_worst_textbooks?page=0,0&showcomments=yes
【译 者】双籽宣言 miaosi58
【翻译方式】人工
【声 明】 本翻译供Anti-CNN使用，未经AC或译者许可，不得转载。
【译 文】
伊朗
教案：宗教战争，性别角色
题材问题：伊朗的领导人可能已经接受了新媒体时代与世界分享政治信息的做法，但是在国内，他们仍然在印刷媒体中强调思想灌输。一项研究显示，伊朗七年级教科书中说，“每一个穆斯林青年都要时刻准备，熟练射击技术，克服心中的恐惧，与上帝及信仰上帝的人民作斗争。”根据法律，伊朗男性必须在19岁时服18个月的兵役。2008年，自由之家研究报告称，伊朗伊斯兰共和国鼓励学生支持伊斯兰霸权和不平等的政治制度，该制度称，“因为他们的身份、性别以及思维方式，有些人是天生的一等公民”。例如，女人就因为其在家庭的地位被描述为“二等公民”
原始来源：“防御圣战是每一个人的责任，包括青年人、老年人、男人、女人在内的所有人，每个人都应该加入到这场神圣的战役中，尽自己最大的努力去帮助我们的战士。”——七年级伊斯兰文化与宗教教科书
中国
教案：篡改历史
题材问题：中国的历史教科书，就像中国本身一样，不愿意接受自己作为一个世界大国，充满了矛盾。在中国数以万计的学生眼中，中国既是一个温顺无辜的国家，却又有着无与伦比的军事实力，既有谦虚的一面，有表现出自夸。中国的教科书无视1950年对西藏的入侵以及1979年的中越战争，并称中越战争是一场自卫反击战，是为了反对越南对柬埔寨的占领。他们还掩饰了主席毛泽东在1958年到1961年大跃进犯下的错误，这直接导致了大规模的饥荒以及30万人民的死亡。
众所周知的教材中的一个典型的例子就是对“抗日战争”的描述。“日本侵略者占领了南京——‘南京梦魇’更为人所知”，当时中国有超过三十万人民被日本侵略者杀害，这被中国的教科书描述为“世界历史上最为惨无人道的屠杀”（公平点说，日本的教科书描述的更为准确，他们倾向于跳过这一历史事件，只是称其为“军事冲突”、“屠杀”或者“屠杀事件”）。中国版本的历史书中说，抗日战争的胜利是因为中国人民的顽强抗争，而不是因为美国加入了二战。
原始来源：“二战胜利最重要的原因是中国共产党成为了抗日的核心领导”——广泛应用与中国的历史教科书
沙特阿拉伯
教案：敌对信念
题材问题：美国9/11案中，19个劫机者中有15人都是沙特阿拉伯人，之后，沙特阿拉伯国王阿卜杜拉提出教科书改革。此前，沙特阿拉伯的教科书中充满了把基督徒、共产主义者、犹太复国主义和西方“怀疑论者”作为其优先敌人的言论。9年过去了，进步变得十分缓慢。2006年，利雅得承诺要消除“所有不宽容的篇章”，但是有消息称，孩子们仍然能从书中学到要促进反犹太主义和圣战组织。接下来，沙特阿拉伯声称，用于沙特王国和其他由沙特阿拉伯建立的学校的教科书和课程“都将在未来三年之内彻底改革”。沙特在美国、英国、法国、德国和土耳其的学校也会用同样的教科书。
原始来源：“用合适的词填空（伊斯兰教，地狱之火）：除了___以外的其他宗教都是错的。伊斯兰世界之外的任何人都会死去进入___”——来自于一年级教科书
“正如伊本阿巴斯引述：犹太人是猿，基督教徒是猪，异教徒与耶稣共融”——八年级教科书对异教徒法理和神论的描述
美国
教案：文化战争101
题材问题：德州教育委员会去年春天因为议员批准了一项有争议社会学科而引发了一场风暴。新的标准倾向于一种权利--全面倡导美国资本主义，并且对创始人推荐宗教信仰。
最显争议的是针对美帝国主义（现为“扩张主义”）的言论以及优生学创始人节育先驱Margaret Sanger，还有关于引导学生描述20世纪80年代和90年代保守主义回潮的原因和、关键组织和个人的教师修正案 ，包括菲利丝·施拉夫利、美国合同、传统基金会、道德多数派和全国步枪协会。“该委员会还推荐将‘政教分离’一词的创造者托马斯·杰斐逊排除出启发时代的世界思想者名单之列，并且，为表示对民主党的敬意，“比尔·克林顿的弹劾案”将把水门事件加入“政坛丑闻”的课程之中。
课程标准是每十年修订一次的，并被用来作为教科书出版商的模板。德州480万公立学校的学生使该州成为最大的教科书市场，也决定了这个国家剩余学生将要学习什么样的课本，因为出版商往往以德州的标准来修订课本。
原始来源：新课程还没有出教科书，但是测试表明人们对略微的改变表示期待--新闻周刊最近发表了德州学校董事会很可能采用的研究练习。
“解释阿拉伯国家怎样对抗以色列从而导致正在进行的冲突”以及“评估全球性组织削弱美国主权的努力”。
俄罗斯
教案：圣人斯大林
题材问题：对斯大林作出积极的评价不太容易，因为在他的领导下两千万俄罗斯人失去了生命。但是这也正是俄罗斯现在正在企图的。荒野爱好者和前克格勃特工弗拉基米尔·普京鼓励在课程中将从事重新斯大林化的过程称为“积极的历史。”Aleksandr Filippov，由克里姆林宫批准的新的教科书的作者告诉纽约时报说：“写一本让孩子们对他们的过去和人民感到恐惧和恶心的教科书是一种错误。”
他的书花了83页的内容去讲述约瑟夫·斯大林的工业化计划，但是只有一段讲了1932年到1933年因为农业政策的失策导致数百万人饿死的大饥荒。书中还减少了二战期间苏联盟国所起的作用，说他们主要只是向苏联供给武器、材料和口粮。
原始来源：“斯大林的行事完全合理--作为一个体系的守卫者，一个将国家重塑为工业化国家的坚定支持者”--俄罗斯历史A卷，1900-1945
【原 文】
IRAN
Lesson plan: Religious warfare, gender roles
Subject matter: Iranian leaders may have embraced new media to share political messages with the world, but at home, indoctrination still starts in print. According to one study, Iranian textbooks teach seventh graders that "every Muslim youth must strike fear in the hearts of the enemies of God and their people through combat-readiness and skillful target shooting." Iranian males are obliged by law to perform 18 months of military service at age 19. The Islamic Republic, a 2008 Freedom House study reports, encourages students to embrace Islamic supremacy and an unequal political system in which "some individuals are born first-class citizens, due to their identity, gender, and way of thinking." Women, for example, are portrayed as "second class citizens," depicted mainly in family situations and at home.
Primary source: "Defensive jihad is incumbent upon every one, the young and the old, men and women, everyone, absolutely everyone, must take part in this sacred battle, fight to the best of his or her abilities or assist our fighters." -- from a seventh grade Islamic culture and religious studies textbook
China
Lesson plan: Alternate history
Subject matter: Chinese history textbooks, much like the country's hesitant acceptance of itself as a world power, are full of contradictions. China, in the eyes of millions of its students, is both meekly innocent and unmatched in military power, simultaneously modest and boastful. Chinese textbooks ignore the invasion of Tibet in 1950 and the 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War, launched by China in response to Vietnam's occupation of Cambodia, and teach that China has only fought wars in self-defense. They also gloss over Chairman Mao Zedong's 1958 to 1961 Great Leap Forward, which resulted in mass famine and 30 million deaths.
One example of Chinese textbook chutzpah can be found in the chapters on World War II, known in some textbooks as "the Anti-Japanese War." The Japanese capture of the city of Nanjing -- often known as the "Rape of Nanjing," when up to 300,000 people were killed by Japanese troops -- is described in one Chinese textbook as "the most horrible [event] in world [history]." (To be fair, Japanese textbooks are little better; they tend to skim over the event, calling it an "incident," "massacre," or "massacre incident.") The Chinese version of history has it that Japan was defeated in the war because of Chinese resistance, not because of the U.S. entry into the war.
Primary source: "The fundamental reason for the victory [in World War II] is that the Chinese Communist Party became the core power that united the nation" -- from awidely used Chinese history textbook
SAUDI ARABIA
Lesson plan: Enemies of the faith
Subject matter: After the 9/11 attacks -- in which 15 of the 19 hijackers were Saudi -- King Abdullah made reform ofSaudi textbooks, which had been replete with references to Christians, communists, Zionists, and Western "nonbelievers" as enemies of Muslims, a priority. Nine years later, progress has been slow. In 2006, Riyadh promised to remove "all intolerant passages," but some sources say children are still learning from texts that promote anti-Semitism and jihad. Once again, Saudi Arabia has claimed that textbooks and programs used both in the kingdom and by schools funded by Saudi Arabia elsewhere "will be completely overhauled over the next three years." Saudi schools in countries including the United States, Britain, France, Germany, and Turkey all use similar textbooks.
Primary source: "Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words (Islam, hellfire): Every religion other than ______________ is false. Whoever dies outside of Islam enters ____________." -- from a first-grade textbook
"As cited in Ibn Abbas: The apes are Jews, the people of the Sabbath; while the swine are the Christians, the infidels of the communion of Jesus" -- from an eighth-grade textbook on monotheism and jurisprudence
UNITED STATES
Lesson plan: Culture Wars 101
Subject matter: The Texas Board of Education ignited an international firestorm last spring when members approved a controversial new social studies curriculum. The new standards skew hard to the right -- championing American capitalism throughout and suggesting religious intentions on the part of the founding fathers.
Some of the most notable arguments were over language surrounding U.S. imperialism (now known as "expansionism")and birth control pioneer Margaret Sanger as a promoter of "eugenics," and an amendment to teachers that students be instructed to "describe the causes and key organizations and individuals of the conservative resurgence of the 1980s and 1990s, including Phyllis Schlafly, the Contract with America, the Heritage Foundation, the Moral Majority and the National Rifle Association." The board even recommended that Thomas Jefferson, creator of the expression "separation of church and state" be excluded from a list of world thinkers who inspired Enlightenment-era revolutions. And, in a salute to Democrats, "Bill Clinton's impeachment" will join Watergate in lessons on "political scandals."
The curriculum standards are reviewed every decade and serve as a template for textbook publishers. Texas's 4.8 million public school students make the state one of the largest markets for textbooks and a determinant of what the rest of the country's schoolchildren will study, with national publishers often tailoring their texts to Texas standards.
Primary source: The new curriculum hasn't hit textbooks yet, but pop quizzes are expected to have a slightly different look -- Newsweek recently published new study exercises that the Texas school board is likely to adopt:
"Explain how Arab rejection of the State of Israel has led to ongoing conflict." And "Evaluate efforts by global organizations to undermine U.S. sovereignty.
RUSSIA
Lesson plan: Buddy Stalin
Subject matter: It can't be easy to put a positive spin on Stalin, under whose leadership more than 20 million Russians lost their lives. But that's what's being attempted in Russia today. Encouraged by wilderness enthusiast and former KGB agent Vladimir Putin, the country's curriculum is engaging in a re-Stalinizing process called "positive history." Aleksandr Filippov, the author of a new Kremlin-approved textbook told the Times, "It is wrong to write a textbook that will fill the children who learn from it with horror and disgust about their past and their people."
His book devotes 83 pages to Joseph Stalin's industrialization plans, but only one paragraph to the Great Famine of 1932 to 1933 in which millions starved as a result of deeply flawed agricultural policy. The book also minimizes the role played by the Soviet Union's allies during Word War II, saying that they "limited themselves mainly to supplying arms, materials and provisions to the USSR."
Primary source: "[Stalin] acted entirely rationally -- as the guardian of a system, as a consistent support of reshaping the country into an industrialized state" -- from A History of Russia, 1900-1945 |
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狗仔卡
发表于 2010-9-13 14:43
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发表于 2010-9-13 23:08
