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发表于 2009-7-2 22:20
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我在本网站中找到了以下这个转帖，是批驳达赖集团第一个谎言的又一个有力的证据。
[08.04.17 The New Voice] 西藏滅種的神話 切換成繁體中文
【原文連接】http://thenewvoice.wordpress.com ... -of-tibet-genocide/
【翻譯】ltbriar
【聲明】本文翻譯僅限Anti-CNN使用，謝絕轉載。
【原文】The Myth of Tibet Genocide by Terminator
Dalai Lama and the Tibet Government in Exile, as well as the western media have never presented any solid evidence or disclosed any reliable source to support their repeated accusation that the Chinese government killed 1.2 million Tibetans between 1949 - 1979. On the contrary, almost all academic scholars and many pro-Tibet advocates have found that the accusation does not stand on any basis and is even laughable.
One of the main argument of the Exile group to support their genocide allegation is that there were around 6.3million Tibetans in 1959, and the Tibetan population hardly increased after 30 years. In their 1996 white paper “Tibet: proving Truth from Facts“, the Exile group claimed that based on a 1959 Chinese government newspaper report, there were 6,330,567 Tibetans in China. The number is broken down into 1,273,969, 3,381,064, and 1,675,534 in three different areas (TAR, Kham, Amdo) of the so-called Great Tibet. (1) However, a scrutiny of the data shows that these three numbers are the exact same numbers published in 1954 by the Chinese government over the above areas. And these numbers referred to the total population of the three areas (including Tibetan, Han, Muslin, etc), but not the Tibetan populations. (2)
In fact, the total Tibetan population back 1950s was about 2.5 - 2.7 millions according to numerous academic studies, the Chinese national census, and even Tibet government itself. For example, on November 11th, 1950, in an appeal to the United Nations to stop China’s takeover of Tibet,the Tibet government stated “a weak and peace loving people, hardly exceeding 3 million”.(3) It is impossible that by the end of 1959, the Tibetan population increased to 6.3 million.
A glance at the documents released by the Tibet Government in Exile, one can clearly see a trend that it favors vague data from the newspapers over serious scientific records from academic studies, population census, and historical records.
Therefore, Professor Sautman, a researcher specialized in studying Tibetan populations, concluded, “What I think these articles show is that there is no evidence of significant population losses over the whole period from the 1950s to the present. There are some losses during the Great Leap Forward but these were less in Tibetan areas than in other parts of China. Where these were serious were in Sichuan and Qinghai, but even there not as serious in the Han areas of China.There are no bases at all for the figures used regularly by the exile groups.They use the figure of 1.2 million Tibetans dying from the 1950s to the 1970s,but no source for this is given. As a lawyer I give no credence to statistics for which there is no data, no visible basis.” (4)
Professor Goldstein also rejected the allegation: “… the exile leadership … continued to attack Chinese policies and human rights violations in Tibet, often going beyond what the actual situation warranted; for example, with charges of Chinese genocide.” (5)
Professor Sautman did an extensive and in-depth study on the literature of Tibetan population. In his 2001 paper,he used indisputable data to reject the allegation made by Dalai Lama and the Tibet Government in Exile. For example, “Figures (detailed breakdown of the 1.2million number) at this level of specificity are meant to impress, but the emigre approach to numbers is quite elastic. In a 1990 book widely circulated by the Tibet Government in Exile, the number of famine victims is given as 343,000, not 413,000. In 1991, the Dalai Lama stated that 200,000 Tibetans had died from starvation, less than half of what had originally been claimed. These discrepancies are not surprising; some of the statistics are based on citation to documents that do not contain the figure at all, or have not been made public by the emigres… Other figures employed in the claim of ‘demographic annihilation’ derive from interviews with Tibetan refugees in India. Such informants are not likely to be reliable. Lois Lang-Sims, a leader of the pro-TGIE Tibet Society of the UK, wrote that statements of refugees examined in the years after the Dalai Lama arrived in India have ‘an extreme and inevitable unreliability‘” (6)
Professor Sautman’s study is independently confirmed by Professor Goldstein, Co-Director of The Center for Research on Tibet, “One likely factor is that the accounts offered by Tibetan refugees (and apparently also a few individuals in the TAR) are exaggerations or fabrications told to foreigners to garner sympathy and support for the‘Tibetan cause’… In other words, they were inclined to represent the current situation negatively…. many Lhasa Tibetans harbor deep-seated anger and hostility toward the Chinese, which colors their perception of the current situation and sometimes leads to distortions, exaggerations, and fabrications.“(7)
Michael Parenti wrote this in his book “Friendly Feudalism: The Tibet Myth”: “The official 1953 census–six years before the Chinese crackdown– recorded the entire population residing in Tibet at 1,274,000. Other census counts put the population within Tibet at about two million. If the Chinese killed 1.2 million in the early 1960s then almost all of Tibet would have been depopulated, transformed into a killing field dotted with death camps and mass graves–of which we have no evidence. The thinly distributed Chinese force in Tibet could not have rounded up, hunted down, and exterminated that many people even if it had spent all its time doing nothing else.” (8)
Even Free Tibet Campaign director Patrick French said the allegation has no basis: “the Free Tibet Campaign in London (of which I am a former director) and other groups have long claimed that 1.2 million Tibetans have been killed by the Chinese since they invaded in 1950. However, after scouring the archives in Dharamsala while researching my book on Tibet, I found that there was no evidence to support that figure.” (9)
(1) Tibet Government in Exile, Tibet: Proving Truth from Facts,
http://www.tibet.com/WhitePaper/index.html, 1996
(2) First National Census Report, National Bureau of Statistics of China,
http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm, November 1st, 1954.
(3) Melvyn C. Goldtein, A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951 University of California Press, 1991, pp.746-747
(4) Barry Sautman, How Repressive Is the Chinese Government in Tibet?,
http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=2732, 2002
(5) Melvyn C. Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama,
University of California Press, 1999
(6) Barry Sautman, Is Tibet China’s Colony?: The Claim of DemographicCatastrophe,
The Journal of Asian Law, Vol 15, No. 1, Fall 2001
(7) Melvyn C. Goldstein and Cynthia M. Beall, China’s Birth ControlPolicy in the Tibet Autonomous Region: Myths and Realities,
AsianSurvey, Vol. 31, No. 3, March, 1991, pp. 285-303
(8) Michael Parenti, Friendly Fuedalism: The Tibet Myth,
http://www.michaelparenti.org/Tibet.html, 2007
(9) Patrick French, former director of the Free Tibet Campaign in London, New York Times,
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/22/opinion/22french.html March 22, 2008
【中文翻譯】
西藏灭种的神话 作者: terminator
dl喇嘛及西藏流亡政府, 以及西方传媒至今仍未提供任何有力证据或透露任何可靠来源支持他们不断指中国政府在1949-1979期间杀害120万藏人的指控。相反地, 差不多所有学者和许多支持藏独人士都已发现这些指控没有任何根据, 甚至是可笑的。
流亡组织用来支持他们灭种论的一个主要论点是西藏在1959年人口约630万人, 而卅年内西藏人口几乎没有什么增长。在1996年的白皮书“西藏: 从事实证明真相”, 流亡组织称根据1959年中国政府一份新闻报导, 中国有6,330,567西藏人。该数字可分纳统称大西藏的(自治区, 康区及安多地区)三个地区, 分别为1,273,969, 3,381,064及1,675,534人(1)。但仔细审查这些数据却显示这三个数字是跟中国政府于1954年公布这些地区的数字是完全相同的。而这些数字是这三个地区的人口(包括藏7, 汉族, 回族等等), 而不是西藏人口(2)。
事实上, 根据无数的学术研究, 中国国家人口普查, 甚至是西藏政府自己(的数据), 1950年代的西藏人口只有250-270万人左右。举例说, 1950年11月11日, 在致联合国要求制止中国接管西藏的请求中, 西藏政府就指出:“一群不到300万弱小而爱好和平的人。”(3) 西藏人口在1959年底增至630万人是绝不可能的。
随便浏览一下西藏流亡政府发布的文件就可以看到一个趋势, 他们喜欢利用报纸的模糊数据而非学术研究, 人口普查及历史纪录这些严肃科学的纪录。所以专攻西藏人口研究的沙巴利教授(BarrySautman)结论是:“我想这些论文显示的是缺乏证据证明从1950 年代迄今整段期间有重大人口消失。在大跃进时有过一些减少,但是西藏的减少比中国其他地区为少。严重人口降减是在四川与青海,即便如此也不够中国汉人地区的严重。流亡组织人士经常使用的数字是完全没有根据的。他们指自1950至1970年代有120万藏人死亡,却没有提供消息来源。身为一个法律人, 我对没有数据。”(4)
戈尔斯坦教授(Melvin C.Goldstein)也驳斥这种指称:“…流亡领袖…一直攻击中国政策及在西藏侵犯人权, 往往是夸大了真实情况; 比如, 对中国人的灭种指控。”(5)
沙巴利教授对西藏人口的文献上做了广泛又深入的研究。在他2001年的论文里, 他以无可争辩的数据反驳了dl喇嘛及西藏流亡政府的指控。举例说, “如此具体程度的数字(对120万数字的明细分类), 目的就是要打动人心, 但流亡人士处理数字的手法却颇弹性。在1990年由西藏流亡政府广为流传的一部书里所提供死于饥馑的人数为343,000 而不是413,000。到了1991年, dl喇嘛称有200,000西藏人死于饥荒, 比原来所称的数字少了一半有多。这些前后不符不足为奇; 有些统计数字是源于引用一些文件, 而那些文件本身却完全没有该数字的, 又或是从来没被流亡人士公开的…(译注:看官看懂了吗?这是学者绕了弯来骂造假,说是引用一份文章,那文章却完全没那数字,就欺没几人去找来翻查,许多人就听是dl说的就直信不疑了!) 另一些在“人口消灭”指控中所采用的数字是来自对印度的西藏难民的访谈。这些讯息不会是很可靠的。支持西藏流亡政府的英国西藏学会领袖 Lois Lang-Sims写着在dl喇嘛到印度后那几年仔细研究, 难民陈词有“极度及不可避免的不可靠性。””(6)
沙巴利教授的研究被西藏研究中心主任戈尔斯坦再次确认, “一个可能原因是西藏难民(明显地也有少量在西藏自治区的个别人士) 所提供的陈述是经夸大或编造, 为“西藏原故”用来获取外国人的同情及支持的…换言之, 他们倾向以负面表达现状…许多西藏人对中国人怀有深沉的怨恨敌意, 使他们对现状戴上有色眼光而令他们有时倾向于扭曲, 夸大及编造。”(7)
迈克尔·帕伦蒂(MichaelParenti)在他的“友善的封建:西藏神话”一书文这样写:“可是1953年 – 中国镇压六年之前- 官方普查记录居住在西藏的全部人口为1,274,000人。其他普查数字计算境内藏族人口约为两百万左右。如果中国人在1960年代初杀了120万人, 那么所有城市以至大部份农村, 的确差不多整个西藏, 都应已十室九空, 遍布死亡集中营和无数墓冢的杀戮屠场 – 但我们看不到这样的证据。薄弱的中国驻藏军队就算什么别的都不干, 耗上全部时间精力也不足以围剿, 缉捕和消灭那么多人。(8)
就连藏独运动的指挥帕特里克·弗伦奇也说这指控没根据:“在伦敦的藏独运动(我是前任主管)及其他组织一直称有120万藏人自1950年中国入侵后被杀害。但为写作有关西藏的书搜集资料时, 我翻遍了达兰萨拉的文献纪录, 我找不到任何足以证明那数字的证据。”
(9)
(1) 西藏流亡政府, “西藏: 从事实证明真相”, http://www.tibet.com/WhitePaper/index.html, 1996
(2) 第一次全国人口调查登记结果的公报, 中国国家统计局,
http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm, 1954年11月1日
(3) Melvyn C. Goldtein, 现代西藏史, 1913-1951 加州大学出版社 1991,pp.746-747
(4) Barry Sautman, How Repressive Is the Chinese Government in Tibet?,
http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=2732,2002
(5) Melvyn C. Goldstein, 雪山狮子与龙: 中国, 西藏及dl喇嘛, 加州大学出版社,1999
(6) Barry Sautman, 西藏是中国殖民地?: 人口灾难的指控, 亚洲法律学报, Vol 15, No. 1, 2001秋季刊
(7) Melvyn C. Goldstein and Cynthia M. Beall, 中国在西藏自治区的生育控制政策: 传说与现实,
亚洲调查,Vol. 31, No. 3, March, 1991, pp. 285-303
(8) Michael Parenti, 友善的封建:西藏神话
http://www.michaelparenti.org/Tibet.html,2007
(9) Patrick French, 伦敦藏独运动前任主管, 纽约时代杂志,
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/22/opinion/22french.html,March 22, 2008 |
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